99 

.C58JWi 



Issued January 8, 1908. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF \GRICULTURE, 

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.— Bulletin 101. 

A. D. MELVIN, Chief of Bureau. 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF 
RED CLOVER HAY. 

INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER 

IN COOPERATION WITH 

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL 
EXPERIMENT STATION. 



BY 



HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY AND J. AUGUST FRIES. 




WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1908. 




Class. 
Book. 



Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2011 with funding from 
The Library of Congress 



http://www.archive.org/details/availableenergyo01arms 



Issued January S, 1908. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.— Bulletin 101. 

A. D. MELVIN, Chief of Bureau. 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF 
RED CLOVER HAY. 

INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER 

IN COOPERATION WITH 

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL 
EXPERIMENT STATION. 



BY 



HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY AND J. AUGUST FRIES. 




WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1908. 

A/ 



<C 



.A 



~0 



^ 




THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



Chief: A. D. Melvin. 

Assistant Chief: A. M. Farrington. 

Chief Clerk: E. B. Jones. 

Biochemic Division: M. Dorset, chief; James A. Emery, assistant chief. 

Dairy Division: Ed. H. Webster, chief; C. B. Lane, assistant chief. 

Inspection Division: Rice P. Steddom, chief; Morris Wooden, R. A. Ramsay, 
and Albert E. Behnke, associate chiefs. 

Pathological Division: John R. Mohler, chief; Henry J. Washburn, assistant 
chief. 

Quarantine Division: Richard W. Hickman, chief. 

Division of Zoology: B. H. Ransom, chief. 

Experiment Station: E. C. Schroeder, superintendent; W. E. Cotton, assistant. 

Animal Husbandman: George M. Rommel. 

Editor: James M. Pickens. 

Librarian: Beatrice Oberly Rogers. 

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OFFICE. 

Animal Husbandman: George M. Rommel. 

Assistant Animal Husbandman: G. Arthur Bell. 

Animal breeding investigations: Animal husbandman in charge; E. H. Riley, 
assistant. 

Animal nutrition investigations: H. P. Armsby, expert in charge; J. August Fries, 
W. W. Braman, and F. W. Christensen, assistants. 

Beef production investigations: Animal husbandman in charge; Dan T. Gray, expert 
in charge of Alabama work; Frank G. King, assistant in Missouri work. 

Hog investigations: Assistant animal husbandman in charge; L. R. Davies, assistant. 

Horse breeding investigations: Animal husbandman in charge; W. L. Carlyle, expert 
in cnarge of Colorado work; W. F. Hammond, expert superintendent, Morgan horse 
farm, Middlebury, Vt. 

Milking Shorthorn cattle investigations: Animal husbandmau in charge; D. A. 
Gaumnitz, expert assistant in Minnesota work. 

Poultry investigations: Rob R. Slocum in charge; Gilbert M. Gowell, expert in 
charge of Maine work. 

Sheep and goat investigations: Edward L. Shaw in charge; T. F. McConnell, expert 
in charge of Wyoming sheep-breeding work. 

Supervision of pedigree record associations: Animal husbandman in charge; Roy A. 
Cave, assistant. 



'JAN 1\ 1909 
D. ©t D, 






LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Department or Agriculture, 

Bureau or Animal Industry, 

Washington, D. C, August 30, 1907. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend 
for publication as Bulletin 101 of this Bureau a manuscript entitled 
" The Available Energy of Red 'Clover Hay," by Dr. H. P. Armsby, 
and J. August Fries. This paper reports further experiments 
conducted with the respiration calorimeter by the Pennsylvania 
Agricultural Experiment Station in cooperation with this Bureau. 
Similar experiments in connection with timothy hay, red clover 
hay, and maize meal have previously been reported in Bulletins 51 
and 7-1 of this Bureau. 

Respectfully, A. D. Melvin, 

Chief of Bureau. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secreta?y of Agriculture. 

3 



LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 



State College, Pa., July 7, 1907. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the third 
series of cooperative experiments with the respiration calorimeter 
at the Pennsylvania State College. 

As in previous experiments, the details of the work have been in 
charge of Mr. J. August Fries, assistant in animal nutrition. Mr. 
Fries has been assisted by Messrs. W. W. Brainan, A. K. Risser, 
T. M. Carpenter, R. E. Stallings, J. B. Robb, and John Foster, while 
the necessary chemical work was carried out by the chemical division 
of the experiment station under the general direction of Dr. William 
Frear. 

Very respectfully, Henri* Prentiss Armsby, 

Expert in Animal Nutrition. 
Dr. A. D. Melvtn, 

Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 
4 



CONTENTS. 



Introduction 7 

Description of experiments 7 

Analytical methods 7 

The feeds 8 

Periods and rations 8 

Live weights 9 

Determinations of digestibility 10 

Weighing and sampling of feed 10 

Treatment of samples ". 10 

Hours of feeding : 10 

Collection and sampling of excreta : 10 

Digestibility of rations 11 

The urinary excretion 13 

Growth of epidermal tissue 14 

Determinations of respiratory products 14 

Check tests 15 

Resiilts upon the animal. 16 

Determinations of heat 19 

Rate of heat emission 20 

Heat emission and heat production 23 

The balance, of matter 27 

The nitrogen and carbon balance 27 

Gain of protein and fat 28 

The balance of energy 28 

Discussion of results 30 

Digestibility 30 

Metabolizable energy 31 

Influence of temperature on heat production 32 

Net available energy 34 

Corrections for standing and lying 37 

Heat requirement of the animal 41 

Maintenance requirement of the animal 43 

Distribution of energy 45 

Appendix 47 

5 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Page. 
Diagram 1. Live weights of animal 9 

2. Availability of energy 35 

3. Average results of carbon and nitrogen and energy balances 36 

4. Average results from energy balances 39 

6 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 



INTRODUCTION. 

The experiments reported in Bulletin 74 of tnis Bureau upon 
11 Energy values of red clover hay and maize meal" gave somewhat 
questionable results for the net available energy of red clover hay. 
From a comparison of the first and second periods of that experiment 
an availability of 36.42 per cent was computed, but it was pointed 
out in reporting this result that the figures were comparatively low 
and must be accepted with considerable reserve. The experiment 
here reported, which was carried out during the winter of 1903-4, 
is a repetition of that portion of the previous experiment relating to 
clover hay, but upon a more extended scale, and shows that the doubt 
expressed as to the accuracy of the earlier figure for availability was 
apparently fully justified. 

The general plan of the experiment was to feed the animal three 
different amounts of red clover hay, all less than the maintenance 
requirement, and to investigate the metabolism of the animal 
upon each ration at two different temperatures. Unfortunately, as 
appears in the following pages, the range of temperature within 
which the respiration calorimeter could be used was so limited that 
the experiments failed to afford any decisive results regarding the 
influence of temperature upon metabolism. 

The animal used was the same grade Shorthorn steer which served 
in the experiments of 1901-2 and 1902-3. At the time of these ex- 
periments he was approximately 5 years old. 

DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTS. 
ANALYTICAL METHODS. 

The methods employed for the analysis of the feed and the excreta 
were substantially those recommended by the Association of Official 
Agricultural Chemists. The nitrogen of the feces was determined 
in the fresh material by Konig's method and the nitrogen of the urine 
by direct oxidation by the Kjeldahl method. In the computation 
of proteids from proteid nitrogen the conventional factor 6.25 was 
used both for the clover hay and for the feces. The nonproteids 
were computed from the nonprpteid nitrogen by multiplication by 

7 



8 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 

4.7, the factor for asparagin. Carbon and hydrogen were determined 
by combustion with cupric oxide in a current of air followed by oxy- 
gen. The heats of combustion of the feed and excreta were deter 
mined by means of the Atwater-Hempel bomb calorimeter. 

THE FEEDS. 

The hay used was red clover hay grown on the college farm in the 
summer of 1903. It was secured without rain and retained most of 
the leaves on the stems. On November 30 about a ton of this hay 
was run through a feed cutter and cut to lengths of about 7 to 10 
centimeters. From the mass of cut hay two separate samples were 
taken by the same method as in previous experiments. During the 
progress of the experiments a sample of hay was also taken at the time 
of weighing out for each period, as described in subsequent pages, 
or three samples in all. The following table shows the composition 
of the dry matter of the several samples, the generally close agree- 
ment of the results indicating that the method of sampling was 
sufficiently accurate : 

Table 1. — Composition of clover hay (dry matter). 



Constituents and energy. 


General samples. 


Samples 


taken during experi- 
ments. 




A. 


B. 


Average. 


Period I. 


Period II. 


Period III 


Ash '. 


Per cent. 
6.57 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 

6.92 
12.11 

1.35 
28.45 
47.83 

3.33 


Per cent. 

7.11 
11.82 

1.63 
28.02 
47.98 

3.44 


Per cent. 
6.84 


Proteids 


11.69 
0.78 


10.66 
0.99 


11. 18 
0.89 


11.84 
1.45 




28.78 
49.25 
2.93 




28.83 








47. 69 








3.35 












100. 00 






100. 00 


100. 00 


100. 00 












46.43 
2.039 
1.872 

Calories. 

4. 4932 


46.04 
2.042 
1.S18 

Calories. 

4. 4906 


46.24 
2. 041 
1.845 

Calories. 

4. 4919 


46. 57 
2.223 
1.935 

Calories. 

4.4903 


40. 24 
2. 238 
1.890 

Calories. 

4.4888 


46. 17 




2.205 




1.895 


Heat of combustion, per 


Calorii s. 

4.478 











PERIODS AND RATIONS. 

On November 4, 1903, the steer was placed in a stall in the station 
barn and fed 6.35 kilograms of mixed clover and timothy hay with a 
little grain until December 2, 1903, when the grain ration Was with- 
drawn. On December 26 the feeding of the ration used for the first 
period of the experiment was begun, and on January 2 the animal was 
transferred to a stall in the calorimeter building. The hay was given 
in equal amounts at about 6 p. m. and 6 a. m. Each period covered 
twenty-one days, of which the first eleven were regarded as a pre- 
ss Bulletin 51, Bureau of Animal Industry, p. 10. 



PEEIODS AND EATIONS. 



9 



liminary period and the last ten as constituting the digestion period 
proper. In view of the fact that all the rations were less than the 
maintenance requirement, intervals of seven days were interposed 
between the successive periods, during which the animal was removed 
to the station barn and fed a ration of 14 pounds of hay and 10 pounds 
of grain daily. The table shows the exact dates of the several periods 
and the rations fed. 

Table 2. — Dates and rations. 



Period. 


Interval. 


Preliminary period. 


Digestion period. 


Hay fed 
per diem. 


I 


December 26 to January 1 . . 
January 23 to January 29. . . 
February 20 to February 26. 




January 13 to 22 

February 10 to 19. . . 
March 9 to 18 


Kilograms. 
3.4 


II 

Ill 


January 30 to February 9... 
February 27 to March 8 . . . . 


5.9 

4.8 



The animal was watered daily at about 1 p. m., with the exception 
of the days when he was in the calorimeter and the day before and 
after, when water was given immediately before the morning feeding. 



Kgs. PERIOD 1 VF/ZZT PERIOD 2 ™£T"/ PERIOD 3 








t i _ : : :: :: 


t i ... 




*>uu-^-- 1 J";" - : . : : ~ :: 












it 5.^$; i z : *±t . ~ i/s^'s: 


it 5' V IZl _ . . 1L , 


^ s ti 
























^ v 3 S S ^ *o $ ^ 8 S *> 5 $ 


JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH 



Diagram 1.— Live weights of animal. 



LIVE WEIGHTS. 

The animal was weighed daily at 1 p. m., immediately before water- 
ing and also immediately after, the difference being taken as repre- 
senting the amount of water consumed. On the days when the ani- 
mal was in the calorimeter the weight was taken immediately before 
entering and immediately after leaving the apparatus. The figures 
for live weight and amount of water consumed are given in Table I of 
the Appendix in connection with the weights of the excreta, and the 
live weights are shown graphically on Diagram 1. 
12237— Bull. 101—07 2 



10 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 

DETERMINATIONS OF DIGESTIBILITY. 

WEIGHING AND SAMPLING OF FEED. 

The hay for each period was weighed out in advance in cloth bags, 
a day's ration in a bag. In rilling the bags the mass of hay was worked 
into from the side, taking all the material down to the floor. While 
the bags were being filled, two or three portions of the hay were taken 
from each bag and set aside in a covered vessel. Immediately after 
the weighing this was rapidly chopped in a meat chopper, thoroughly 
mixed, and a sample of 1,000 to 1,500 grams was taken to the labora- 
tory in a covered vessel for determination of dry matter and of the 
composition of the latter, with the results shown in Table 1. 

TREATMENT OF SAMPLES. 

The samples when received at the laboratory were immediately 
weighed, air-dried at a temperature of about 60° 0., allowed to hang 
at ordinary temperature in heavy paper bags for several days, and 
then ground in a mill as rapidly as practicable, and preserved in 
sealed bottles. The analyses were made as promptly as practicable, 
although not in all cases immediately. 

HOURS OF FEEDING. 

As a matter of convenience in arranging for the work with the res- 
piration calorimeter, the hour of 6 p. m. was taken as the beginning 
of the day. Approximately one-half of the hay was given at this 
time and the remainder twelve hours later. 

COLLECTION AND SAMPLING OF EXCRETA. 

The animal was provided with the rubber duct described and illus- 
trated in a previous publication for the collection of the feces and 
with the ordinary urine funnel. These were worn both during the 
preliminary days and during the digestion period proper, but not dur- 
ing the intervals between the periods. The apparatus served its pur- 
pose excellently, loss of excreta occurring in but few instances. 

During the digestion period the excreta were weighed promptly at 
the end of each twenty-four hours, and a sample was drawn after 
thorough mixing and taken at once to the laboratory for treatment. 
There a uniform percentage of the total excretion was set aside for a 
composite sample, chloroform being used as a preservative. At the 
close of the period these composite samples were thoroughly mixed. 
In the feces the total nitrogen in the fresh substance was determined 
by the Konig method, while a portion of the composite sample was 
also air-dried at about 60° 0. and the air-dry sample subjected to the 
usual method of analysis, including the determination qf its heat of 
combustion and of carbon and hydrogen. In the mixed sample of 

° Pennsylvania Experiment Station Bulletin 42, p. 74. 



DETERMINATIONS OF DIGESTIBILITY. 



11 



urine the total nitrogen, total carbon, hydrogen in organic combina- 
tion, and heat of combustion were determined. 



DIGESTIBILITY OF RATIONS. 



Period I {January 13-22, 1904). 



The live weights of the. animal and the weights of excreta are 
shown in Table I of the Appendix. The following table shows for 
the digestion period proper, the weight of hay fed, of hay eaten, and 
of the portions remaining uneaten; the weight of excreta collected, 
of the portions spilled, and of the total excretion; and the cor- 
responding weights and percentages of dry matter found. 

Table 3. — Feed and excreta — Period I. 



Feed and excreta. 



Hay: 

Total in 10 days 

Uneaten January 21 a. 
Uneaten January 22 . . 



Fresh 
weight. 



Total uneaten. 



Eaten 

Eaten per day. 



Feces: 

Collected in 10 days 

Spilled in calorimeter January 14. 

Adhering to duct January 14 

Spilled in stall January 16 

Spilled in calorimeter January 22. 
Spilled in stall January 22 



Grams. 

34, 000. 
63.0 
15.9 



78.9 



33, 921. 1 
3, 392. 1 



Total excretion . 
Daily excretion. . . 



54,937.0 

109.1 

18.0 

1.2 

25.1 

36.6 



55, 127. 
5,512.7 



Dry matter. 



Per cent. 
86.32 
3.33 
83.65 



Grams. 
29, 348. 8 
2.1 
13.3 



15.4 

i 29,333.4 

2,933.3 

11,256.6 

29. 36 34. 

6.1 

1.1 

41. 52 I 10. 4 

28. 44 ! 10. 4 

I 11,318.6 

1,131.8 



a Including water spilled in feed box. 

The composition of the dry matter of the feeding stuffs has already 
been stated in Table 1, and that of the dry matter of the feces is 
shown in Table II of the Appendix. 

Basing the computation upon the above average weights, the 

digestibility of the hay, as shown in Table III of the Appendix, was 

as follows : 

Table 4. — Digestibility of ration — Period I. 



Constituents and energy. 



Total 
digested. 



Digesti- 
bility. 



Dry matter 

Ash 

Organic matter 

Proteids 

Nonproteids a, 

Crude fiber 

Nitrogen-free extract 

Ether extract 

Nitrogen 

Carbon 

Energy 



Grams. 

1, 801. 4 

89.4 

1,712.0 

193.8 

39.6 

462.2 

954.8 

60.8 

39.36 

819. 07 

Calories. 

7,767.36 



Per cent. 
61. 41 
44.04 
62.70 
54.56 
100.00 
55.37 
68.05 
62.24 
60.36 
59.96 

58.97 



a, Assumed to be wholly digestible. 

t> The calorie referred to in this bulletin is the large calorie (kilogram-calorie; often written with a 
capital C). A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram (2.2 
pounds) of water 1 degree centigrade, or about 4 pounds of water 1 degree Fahrenheit. 



12 



THE AVAILABLE ENEKGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 

Period II {February 10-19, 1904). 



The following tables, corresponding to those for Period I, sum- 
marize the weights of food and excreta and the percentage digesti- 
bility of the hay, which are contained in detail in Tables II and III 
of the Appendix. 



Table 5. — Feed and excreta — Period II. 



Feed and excreta. 



Fresh 
weight. 



Dry matter. 



Hay: I Grams. 

Total in 10 days | 59,000. 

Uneaten February 17 a 580. 

Uneaten February 18 27. 

Uneaten February 19 23. 2 



Eaten 

Eaten per day. 



Feces: 

Total in 10 days 

Spilled in calorimeter February 12. . . 

Spilled in stall February 13 : 

Collected in calorimeter February 19. 
Spilled in stall February 19 



Per cent. 
85.24 
2.15 
23.33 
88.11 



58, 369. 8 
5, 836. 9 



97, 807. 
142.4 
51.6 

56.2 
4.7 



Total excretion j 98,061. 9 

Daily excretion j 9, 806. 19 



Grams. 
50,291.5 

12.5 
6.3 

19.5 



50, 253. 3 
5,025.33 



19.75 
24.09 
38.57 
49.34 
27.66 



19, 316. 88 

34.3 

19.9 

28.46 

1.3 



19, 400. 84 
1,940.1 



a Including water spilled in feed box. 
Table 6. — Digestibility of ration — Period II. 



Constituents and energy. 



Total 
digested. 



Digesti- 
bility. 



Dry matter 

Ash 

Organic matter 

Proteids 

Nonproteids a 

Crude fiber. 

Nitrogen-free extract 

Ether extract 

Total nitrogen 

Total carbon „ 

Energy 



Grams. 

3, 085. 2 

146.2 

2,939.0 

321. 2 

81.9 

788.2 

1,636.9 

110.8 

69. 02 

1.391.9 

Calories. 

13, 425. 7 



Per cent. 
61.39 
40.92 
62.96 
54.08 
100. 00 
55.97 
67.90 
64.08 
61.37 
59.89 

59.51 



a Assumed to be entirely digestible. 



THE URINARY EXCRETION. 



13 



Period III (February 27 to March 18). 

In this period the final results were as follows : 

Table 7 . — Feed and ex.creta — Period III. 



Feed and excreta. 



Hay: 

Total in 10 days 

Residue March 9 

Residue March 9 

Residue March 10 

Residue March 16 

Residue March 17 

Residue March 17 

Residue at end of period. 



Eaten 

Eaten per day . 



Feces: 
Total 

Spilled ' March ii". 
Spilled March 18. 
Adhering to duct . 



Fresh 
weight. 



Grains. 

48, 000. 

28.0 

138.5 

5.8 



29.4 



47,746.1 
4, 774. 6 



75,-693. 
37.0 
20.6 



Total excretion 75, 750. 6 

Daily excretion 7, 575. 06 



Dry matter. 



Per cent. 
86.48 
88.57 
28.51 
87.93 



21.38 
61.62 
61.16 



Grams. 

41,510.4 

24.8 

39.6 

5.1 

8.1 

27.0 

4.2 

10.2 



41,391.4 
4, 139. 14 



16, 183. 16 
22.80 
12.60 
53. 00 



16,271.56 
1,627.16 



Table 8. — Digestibility of ration — Period III. 



Constituents and energy. 



Dry matter 

Ash 

Organic matter 

Proteids 

Nonproteids a. 

Crude fiber 

Nitrogen-free extract 

Ether extract 

Total nitrogen 

Total carbon 

Energy 



Total 
digested. 



Grams. 

2,511.9 

104.3 

2, 407. 6 

262.1 

60.0 

642.0 

1,352.5 

91.0 

54.8 

1,131.0 

Calories. 

10, 869 



Digesti- 
bility. 



Per cent. 
60.68 
36.83 
62.43 
53. 4S 
(100. 00) 
53.81- 
68.51 
65.62 
60.08 
59.18 

58.64 



a Assumed to be wholly digestible. 

THE URINARY EXCRETION. 

i 

Table IV of the Appendix, based upon the weights recorded in 
Table I, shows the total amounts of nitrogen, carbon, and potential 
energy in the urine. In those cases in which some was spilled, the 
material was taken up as completely as possible with the aid of dis- 
tilled water and the weight and nitrogen content of the washings 
determined. It has been assumed that their content of carbon and 
of energy was proportional to the nitrogen. The following table 
gives a summary of the average daily excretion: 

Table 9. — Average daily excretion in urine — Periods I, II, and III. 



Period. 


Nitrogen. 


Carbon. 


Energy. 


Energy 
per gram 
of carbon . 


I 


Grams. 
50.75 
09. 05 
60.55 


Grams. 
112.15 
168. 76 
141.80 


Calories. 
1,046.40 
1, 522. 25 
1,247.16 


Calories. 
9. 33 


II. 


9.02 


Ill . . . 


8.79 







14 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF BED CLOVER HAY. 



It will be observed that the results obtained, for the energy per gram 
of carbon in the urine tend to be rather lower than those found in 
Kellner's well known experiments, the average being 9.05 calories as 
compared with 9.6 calories found by Kellner for lean animals. On 
the basis of later experience, we are inclined to suspect that our esti- 
mate of the energy lost in the drying of the samples is somewhat too 
low. Nevertheless, the discrepancy between our figures and Kellner's 
is much less than in the previous year and the results have been used 
as reported. 

GROWTH OF EPIDERMAL TISSUE. 

The steer was thoroughly brushed each time immediately before 
entering the calorimeter and after leaving it, and the hair, dandruff, 
etc., in the latter case collected. To this was added the small amount 
brushed up from the floor of the calorimeter. In these samples deter- 
minations of nitrogen, carbon, and energy were made with the follow- 
ing results, which include for each period the total for the four days 
during which the animal was in the calorimeter. 

Table 10. — Weight and composition of hair, dandruff, etc.- — Periods I, II, and III. 



Constituents and energy. 



Period I. 



Period II. 


Period III. 


35.3 

93.76 

33.1 


52.8 

93.48 

49.36 


6.31 
2.08 


7.83 
3.86 


40.19 
13.30 


42.56 
21.00 


4.533 
150.04 


4.747 
234. 31 



Average. 



Per period. Per day 



Weight grams . . 

Dry matter per cent.. 

Weight of dry matter grams. . 

In dry matter: 
Nitrogen — 

Percentage 

Weight grams. . 

Carbon- 
Percentage 

Weight grams.. 

Energy— 

Per gram calories. . 

Total calories.. 



29.0 

93.10 

27.0 



4.59 
1.242 



36. 716 
9.928 



4.108 
110.91 



3.39 



As in previous bulletin^, it has been assumed that these figures rep- 
resent the normal rate of production of hair, epidermis, etc., by the 
animal during the experiment, but not, of course, the matter and 
energy contained in the growth of hoofs and horns. In the succeed- 
ing computations, the averages of Table 10 have been deducted from 
the gain (i. e., added to the loss) to determine the real gain of flesh and 
fat, but they have of course been included as a part of the total gain 
in the final computations of availability. 



DETERMINATIONS OF RESPIRATORY PRODUCTS. 

As was stated in the introduction, the total metabolism was deter- 
mined at two different temperatures. For this purpose the animal 
was placed in the calorimeter on the first and second days and on the 
eighth and ninth days of the ten-day digestion period proper. Dur- 



DETERMINATIONS OP RESPIRATORY PRODUCTS. 



15 



ing the first of these two respiration experiments the temperature of 
the calorimeter was kept at 19° C. and during the second at 13.5° G. 
In the statements which follow the dates given indicate the twenty- 
four hours ending at 6 p. m. on the date named. 

Table 11. — Dates of respiration experiments — Periods I, II, and III. 



Period. 


At 19° C. 


At 13.5° C. 


I 


January 13 and 14, 1904 
February 10 and 11, 1904. . . 
March 9 and 10, 1904 


January 20 and 21, 1904. 


II 

Ill 


February 17 and 18, 1904. 
March 16 and 17, 1904. 







The respiratory products were determined during forty-eight hours 
continuously, the time being divided into four subperiods of twelve 
hours each, the apparatus used being the respiration calorimeter 
briefly described in Bulletin 51 of this Bureau and more fully in the 
Experiment Station Record, Vol. XV, p. 1037. 

It is impracticable to reproduce here all the details of these deter- 
minations. For the general methods employed the reader is referred 
to the publications just mentioned. 



CHECK TESTS. 



External air. — As stated in previous bulletins, check tests are 
depended upon as a means of computing the amount of combustible 
gases contained in the air as it enters the respiration chamber. The 
check tests were made at intervals during the experiments here 
described with the following results : 

Table 12.— Combustible gases in external air. 



Date. 



January 7, 1904. . 
January 25, 1904. 

March 1, 1904 

March 21, 1904... 
March 21, 1904... 



Average . 



Observed 
volume 
of air. 



Liters. 

1,090 

1,139 

1,090 

941 

892 



Water 
weighed. 



Gram. 
0.0135 
.0230 
.0170 
.0175 
.0143 



Carbon 

dioxid 

weighed. 



Gram. 
0.0080 
.0080 



0071 
0047 



Per 100 liters dry air 
at 0° C and 760 mm. 



Hydrogen. Carbon 



Milligram. 
0.153 
.243 
.193 
.226 
.194 



.202 



Milligram. 
0.223 



.224 
.157 



As before, the results are somewhat variable, but in no case are the 
corrections large as compared with the total amounts determined in 
the experiments upon the animal. 

Alcohol check tests. — The accuracy of the apparatus was tested, as 
in previous years, by burning in it known amounts of ethyl alcohol and 
determining the amounts of carbon dioxid, water, and heat evolved. 
The results of these alcohol check tests as regards carbon dioxid and 
heat are given below. The results upon water have not yet proven 
satisfactory. 



16 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF EED . CLOVER HAY. 



Table 13. — Results of alcohol check tests. 





Dura- 
tion. 


Weight of 
alcohol. 


Carbon dioxid. 


Heat. 


Date. 


Hy- 
drated. 


Anhy- 
drous. 


Com- 
puted. 


Ob- 
served. 


Percent- 
age ob- 
served. 


Com- 
puted. 


Ob- 
served. 


Percent- 
age ob- 
served. 


January 5, 1904 

March 25, 1904 


Hours. 
6 

7 


Grams. 
487. 12 
541. 68 


Grams. 
436. 89 
485.82 


Grams. 
834. 90 
928.40 


Grams. 
830. 58 
907. 51 


99.48 
97.74 


Calories. 
31, 253 
34, 753 


Calories. 
31,428 
35, 490 


100.57 
102. 13 



It will be noted that the agreement of the results in the test of Jan- 
uary 5 is very satisfactory, while in that of March 25 a somewhat 
greater departure from the theoretical results occurred. 

RESULTS UPON THE ANIMAL. 

Tables V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X of the Appendix contain the 
results of the determinations of the respiratory products for the several 
periods and subperiods. These are summarized in the table folio w- 

in » : 

Table 14. — Excreted in respiration. 



Period and subperiod. 


Carbon 
as C0 2 . 


Carbon 
as CH 4 . 


Water. 


Period la: 


Grams. 
533. 15 
530.01 


Grams. 
25.97 
23.20 


Grams. 
1,979.72 




2,048.84 








1,063.16 


49.17 


4,028.56 








542.45 
552. 44 


25.40 
27.39 


1,925.27 




1,886.38 








1,094.89 


52.79 


3, 811. 65 








1,079.03 


50.98 


3,920.11 






Period 16: 


533. 80 
539. 19 


25.36 
23.24 


1,242.85 




1, 395. 35 








1, 072. 99 


48.60 


2, 638. 20 








545. 31 
566. 16 


25.73 
23.14 


1,377.35 




1,498.50 








1,111.47 


48.87 


2,875.85 








1,092.23 


48.74 


2,757.03 






Period Ila: 

Subperiod 1 


605.68 
642.34 


31.40 
41. 68 


2, 270. 10 
2, 395. 53 








1,248.02 


73.08 


4, 665. 63 








642.50 
628.97 


38.45 
25.43 


2,377.88 




2, 358. 17 








1,271.47 


63.88 


4,736.05 






Average 


1,259.75 


68.48 


4, 700. 84 


Period II b: 


615.27 
622.32 


19.72 
22.05 


1, 684. 21 


Subperiod 2 


1,649.37 








1,237.59 


41.77 


3, 333. 58 




Subperiod 3 


622. 96 
618.04 


31.20 
(?) 


1, 782. 71 


Subperiod 4 


1, 772. 73 






Second day 


1,241.00 




3,555.44 








1, 239. 30 


48.64 


3, 444. 51 







COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES. 



17 



Table 14. — Excreted in respiration — Continued. 



Period and subpsriod. 


Carbon 
as C0 2 . 


Carbon 
as CH4. 


Water. 


Period Ilia: 


Grams. 
587. 26 
568. 68 


Grams, 
a 28. 03 
a 34. 07 


G'ams. 
2, 349. 54 




2, 2o3. 50 








1,155.94 


a 62. 10 


4, C33. 04 








581. 71 
563. 11 


25.08 
27.36 


2, 185. 98 




2, 304. 54 








1,144.82 


52.44 


4, 550. 52 








1, 150. 38 




4, 591. 78 








Period III6: 


568.23 
560. 76 


24.13 

31.28 


1, 756. 48 




1,622.86 








1,128.99 


55.41 


3,379.34 








568.89 
572.29 


31.94 
34.35 


1, 693. 32 




1,851.48 








1,141.18 


- 66. 29 


3, 544. 80 








1,135.09 


60.85 


3, 462. 07 







a Includes a correction for the time during which the gas supply of the combustion furnaces was cut off. 

Hydrocarbon gases. — In the experiment with timothy hay in 1901-2 
it was shown that the ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the combustible 
gases given off by the animal was almost identical with that for meth- 
ane, while in the experiment of the succeeding year it was appreci- 
ably lower. The corresponding results for the present experiment 
were as follows : 



Table 15. — Composition of combustible gases. 



Period and subperiod. 


Hydro- 
gen. 


Carbon. 


Ratio of 
hydrogen 
to carbon. 


Methane 
com- 
puted 
from 

carbon. 


Period la: 

Subperiod 1 


Grams. 
8.03 
7.23 


Grams. 
25.97 
23.20 


1:3.234 
1:3.209 


Grams. 
34.70 




31.00 








15.26 


49.17 


1:3.225 


65.70 






Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 


8.02 
8.69 


25.40 
27.39 


1:3.167 
1:3.152 


33.94 
36.59 




16.71 


52.79 


1:3.159 


70.53 








15.99 


50.98 


1:3.188 


68.11 






Period 16: 

Subperiod 1 ' 


7.67 
7.06 


25.36 
23.24 


1:3.306 
1:3.292 


33.88 


Subperiod 2 


31.05 




14.73 


48.60 


1:3.299 


64.93 








8.49 
7.15 


25.73 
23.14 


1:3.031 
1:3.237 


34.38 




30.92 








15.64 


48.87 


1:3.125 


65.30 








15.19 


48.74 


1:3.209 


65.12 







12237— Bull. 101—07- 



18 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 

Table 15. — Composition of combustible gases — Continued. 



Period and cubperiods. 


Hydro- 
gen. 


Carbon. 


Ratio of 
hydrogen 
to carbon. 


Methane 
com- 
puted 
from 

carbon. 


Period Ha: 


Grams. 
9.92 
13.19 


Grams. 
31.40 
41.68 


1:3.165 
1:3.160 


Grams. 
41.95 




55.69 








23.11 


73.08 


1:3.162 


97.64 








12.36 
7.91 


38.45 
25.43 


1:3.111 
1:3.215 


51.37 




33.98 








20.27 


•63.88 


1:3.151 


85.35 








21.69 


68.48 


1:3.157 


91.49 






Period 116: 


6.09 
7.43 


19.72 
22.05 


1:3.238 
1:2.968 


26.35 




29.46 








13.52 


41.77 


1:3.090 


55.81 








9.79 
(?) 


31.20 
(?) 


1:3.187 


41.68 










































Period Ilia: 


a 8. 89 
a 10. 88 


a 28. 03 
a 34. 07 


1 : 3. 153 
1:3.131 


37.45 




45.52 








19.77 


62.10 


1:3.141 


82.97 








7.89 
8.63 


25.08 
27.36 


1:3.179 
1:3.171 


33.51 




36.55 








16.52 


52.44 


1:3.174 


70. 06 








18.15 


57.27 


1:3.155 


76.52 






Period III&: 


7.26 
10.03 


24.13 
31.28 


1:3.324 
1:3.119 


32.24 




41.79 








17.29 


55.41 


1:3.205 


74.03 








10.40 
11.06 


31.94 
34.35 


1:3.071 
1:3.106 


42.67 




45.89 








21.46 


66.29 


1:3.089 


88.56 








19.38 


60.85 


1:3.140 


81.30 







a. Includes a correction. 

It will be observed that in every instance the ratio of hydrogen to 
carbon is lower than that in methane. The average ratio for all the 
periods is almost exactly the same as that found in the experiments of 
the previous year, as reported in Bulletin 74 of this Bureau, viz, 1 : 3.17, 
which corresponds to the following composition as compared to the 
theoretical : 





Pound. 


In meth- 
ane. 




Per cent. 
76.02 
23.98 


Per cent. 
74.85 
25.15 


Hydrogen 


100.00 


100.00 



DETERMINATIONS OF HEAT. 19 

The presence of free hydrogen in the intestinal gases of animals has 
occasionally been noted, but it is difficult to see what compound 
richer in carbon than methane would be likely to be present. In the 
light of subsequent experience, we are inclined to suspect that insuffi- 
cient heating of the platinized kaolin may be responsible for the defi- 
ciency of hydrogen. At any rate, pending a critical study of the 
method employed, we have for the present computed the excretion 
of methane from the amounts of carbon shown in the above table. 

The results of Period 116, it will be noted, are exceedingly low, and 
none at all are reported for subperiod 4 of this period. In the subse- 
quent computations, therefore, these results have been rejected and 
those obtained in Period Ila, on the same ration, employed. 

DETERMINATIONS OF HEAT. 

It is impracticable to reproduce here the very voluminous records 
required for the determination of the heat produced, and it must suf- 
fice to indicate the general method and to summarize the main results. 

As explained in Bulletin 51, the heat given off by the animal as 
sensible heat is removed from the apparatus by a water current, the 
amount thus removed being measured by the product of the amount 
of water passing through the absorbers and the rise in temperature 
during its passage through the apparatus. As noted, the tempera- 
ture of the water is taken every four minutes, while the efflux of each 
100 liters is noted on the records. In any portion of the experiment 
during which the rate of flow of water is uniform we may, without 
sensible error, compute the averages of the ingoing and of the outcom- 
ing temperatures and multiply the total weight of water by the differ- 
ence between the two. Certain corrections are necessary, however. 

First. The pipe composing our absorber being of small diameter, 
there is a not inconsiderable pressure upon the bulbs of the ther- 
mometers, and this pressure varies with the rate at which the water 
flows. Since the pressure is greater upon the ingoing than upon 
the outcoming thermometer, the effect is to render the observed 
difference in temperature too small. A correction for this effect has 
been worked out experimentally for the range of pressure used and 
is applied in the table. 

Second. The friction of the water in the absorbers is itself the source 
of a small amount of heat, which is computed from the difference 
in pressure at entrance and exit and the weight of the water passing 
through the absorbers. 

Third. As Atwater and Rosa have shown, it is essential to take 
account of the variation in the specific heat of water at different 
temperatures. We have followed their practice, and, assuming the 
specific heat of water at 20° C. as unity, have expressed all our 



20 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF EED CLOVER HAY. 



results in calories at 20°, using for this purpose the table of the 
specific heat of water given by those observers. 

Fourth. Corrections have to be made for the heat introduced into 
the apparatus or withdrawn from it in case the feed, drink, excreta, 
and vessels containing them are introduced or removed at a tem- 
perature different from that of the calorimeter. The net amount of 
these corrections, as appears from the table, is ordinarily small, but 
the single factors are sometimes not inconsiderable. This is espe- 
cially the case with the feces, where considerable difficulty has been 
experienced in determining the true average temperature of the mass. 

The results of these several computations are contained in Table 
XI of the Appendix. To the heat thus measured is to be added the 
latent heat of water vapor evaporated in and carried out of the 
chamber. This is computed from the results for water, assuming 
the latent heat of vaporization to be 0.592 calorie per gram. 

The following table contains a summary of the amounts of heat 
measured in the calorimeter in the several periods and subperiods. 
By a series of accidents the results for Period II&, subperiods 3 
and 4, were rendered valueless. 

Table 16. — Heat measured in calorimeter . 





Period la. 


Period lb. 


Period IIo. 


Period lib. 


Period 
Ilia. 


Period 
Illb. 


First day: 


Calories. 
5,667.92 
5, 213. 80 


Calories. 
5, 827. 99 


Calories. 
5, 765. 91 
5,639.28 


Calories. 
5,773.06 
5, 300. 77 


Calories. 
5,586.97 
5,322.91 


Calories. 
5, 683. 14 




5,115.06 








Total 


10,881.72 




11, 405. 19 


11,073.83 


10,909.88 


10, 798. 20 








Second day: 


5,522.33 
5, 605. 56 


5,956.95 
5, 739. 96 


5,901.96 
5,721.91 




5, 324. 48 
5,350,96 


5,345.11 






5,561.71 








Total 


11,127.89 


11,696.91 


11,623.87 




10, 675. 44 


10, 906. 82 








Average per day 


11,004.8 




11,514.53 




10, 792. 66 


10, 852. 5 









RATE OF HEAT EMISSION. 



As in previous experiments, the rate at which heat was emitted by 
the animal varied notably according as the animal was standing or 
lying. The following table shows the total heat emitted during the 
periods of standing and lying, respectively. The figures of this table 
relate only to the amount of heat given off by radiation and con- 
duction and removed from the calorimeter in the water current, and 
do not include the heat carried off as latent heat of water vapor. 

a U. S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 63, p. 56. 



RATE OF HEAT EMISSION. 
Table 17. — Heat emission, standing and lying. 



21 



Period and subperiod. 



Position. 



Total heat. 



Heat per 
minute. 



Period Io: 

Subperiod 1— 

6.00 p. m. to 11.59 p. m.. 

11.59 p.m. to 2.13 a.m. 

2.13 a.m. to 6.00 a.m... 
Subperiod 2 — 

6.00 a.m. to 9.44a. m... 

9.44 a.m. to 11.39 a.m.. 

11.39 a. m. to 6.00 p. m . 
Subperiod 3 — 

6.00 p.m. to 7.46p.m.. 

7.46 p. m. to 7.51 p. m. . 

7.51 p. m. to 12.58 a. m . 

12.58 a. m. to 3.08 a. m. 

3.08 a. m. to 6.00 a. m . . 
Subperiod 4 — 

6.00 a. m. to 6.00 p.m.. 
Period Ila: 

Subperiod 1 — 

6.00 p.m. to 2.36 a.m.. 

2.36 a. m. to 5.01 a. m. . 

5.01 a. m. to 6.00 a. m.. 
Subperiod 2 — 

6.00 a. m. to 9.41 a. m. . 
9.41 a.m. to 12.46'p. m. 
12.46 p. m. to 2.46 p. m. 
2.46 p. m. to 4.29 p.m.. 

4.29 p.m. to 6.00 p.m.. 
Subperiod 3 — 

6.00 p. m. to 8.55 p.m.. 

8.55 p.m. to 10.42 p.m. 
10.42 p.m. to 2.05 a.m. 
2.05 a. m. to 4.33 a. m. . 
4.33 a. m. to 6.00 a.m.. 

Subperiod 4 — 

6.00 a.m. to 8.12 a.m.. 

8.12 a. m. to 10.36 a. m. 

10.36 a.m. to 1.07p.m. 

1.07 p. m. to 2.49 p. m.. 

2.49 p.m. to 6.00 p.m.. 
Period Ilia: 
Subperiod 1 — 

6.00 p.m. to 8.57 p.m.. 

8.57 p. m. to 9.36 p. m. . 
9.36p.m. to 2.53 a.m.. 
2.53 a. m. to 4.58 a. m. . 

4.58 a. m. to 6.00 a.m.. 
Subperiod 2 — 

6.00 a. m. to 8.31 a.m.. 
8.31 a. m. to 10.10 a. m. 
10.10 a. m. to 11.46 a. m. 
11.46 a. m. to 2.27 p. m. 
2.27 p. m. to 6.00 p. m.. 
Subperiod 3 — 

6.00 p. m. to 7.46 p. m.. 
7.46 p. m. to 9.20 p. m., 
9.20 p. m. to 10.24 p. m. 

10.24 p. m. to 11.58 p. m 
11.58 p. m. to 12.25 a. m 

12.25 a. m. to 2.09 a. m. 

2.09 a. m. to 3.04 a. m. . 
3.04 a. m. to 4.59 a. m. . 

4.59 a. m. to 6.00 a. m. . 
Subperiod 4 — 

6.00 a. m. to 9.30 a. m. . 

9.30 a. m. to 11.36 a. m. 
11.36 a. m. to 1.37 p. m. 

1.37 p. m. to 3.56 p. m.. 

3.56 p. m. to 6.00 a. m.. 
Period 16: 

Subperiod 1— 

6.00 p. m. to 6.00 a. m.. 
Subperiod 2 — 

6.00 a. m. to 6.00 p.m.. 
Subperiod 3 — 

6.00 p. m. to 6.00 a.m.. 
Subperiod 4 — 

6.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m.. 



Minutes. 
359 
134 

227 

224 
115 
381 

106 
5 
307 
130 
172 



516 
145 
59 



177 
39 
317 
125 
62 

151 

99 

96 

161 

213 

106 
94 
64 
94 
27 

104 
55 

115 
61 



210 
L26 
121 



720 
720 
720 



Standing . 

Lying 

Standing. 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing . 

Standing. 



Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 



221 Standing. 

185 Lying 

120 : Standing. 
103 
91 

175 

107 
203 

148 
87 

132 
144 
151 
102 
191 



Lying 

Standing. 

Standing . 

Lying 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing . 



Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing . 

Lying 

Standing. 

Standing . 

Lying 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing . 

Lying 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 



Standing . 

Lying 

Standing. 

139 Lying.... 

124 Standing. 



Standing. 
Standing . 
Standing . 



Calories. 

2, 228. 63 

639.07 

1,628.23 

1,329.16 

471.06 

2, 200. 67 

652. 54 

26.50 

1,967.26 

581.58 
1,154.69 

4,488.83 



3, 347. 84 
643. 67 
430. 50 

1, 440. 59 

797. 73 
856. 32 

413. 74 

712. 75 

1,199.09 
521.08 

1,448.46 
689. 35 
636.28 

868.59 
632. 67 

1,054.01 
479. 26 

1,291.34 



1,079.26 
160. 94 

2,005.17 
541.65 
409.02 

939. 75 
346. 29 
649. 32 
680. 80 
1,354.92 

663. 16 
427. 21 
447. 00 
426. 67 
192. 46 
489. 88 
432. 65 
563.52- 
387. 83 

1,295.38 
522. 45 
757. 97 
560. 45 
814. 90 



5,092.23 



Calories. 
6.2079 
4. 7691 

7. 1728 

5.9333 
4.0961 
5. 7760 

6.1560 
5. 3000 
6. 4080 
4. 4737 
6. 7133 

6. 2344 



6. 4880 
4. 4390 
7. 2796 

6. 5185 
4. 3120 
7. 1360 
4.0169 
7. 8320 

6. 8519 
4. 8699 
7. 1352 
4. 6577 
7.3135 

6. 5802 
4. 3935 
6.9802 
4. 6986 
6. 7609 



6.0975 
4. 1266 
6. 3240 
4. 3332 
6. 5971 

6.2235 
3. 4978 
6. 7637 
4.2285 
6.3611 

6. 2562 
4. 5448 

6. 9843 
4. 5390 
7. 1281 
4. 7103 

7. £663 
4. 6001 
6. 3578 

6. 1685 
4. 1464 
6. 2642 
4. 0320 
6. 5720 



7. 0725 



720 I Standing. 



5,141.56 7.1411 

4,852.85 i 6.7401 



22 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF EED CLOVER HAY. 



Table 17. — Heat emission, standing and lying — Continued. 



Period and subperiod. 



Total heat 



Heat per 
minute. 



Period 116: 

Subperiod 1 — 

6.00 p. m. to 1.51 a. m. , 
1.51 a. m. to 1.56 a. m. . 
1.56 a. m. to 3.29 a. m. . 

3.29 a. m. to 5.46 a. m. . 

5.46 a. m. to 6.00 a.m.. 
Subperiod 2 — 

6.00 a. m. to 1.14 p. m.. 
1.14 p. m. to 3.26 p. m.. 
3.26 p. m. to 6.00 p. m.. 
Subperiod 3 — 

6.00 p. m. to 7.59 p. m. . 
7.59 p. m. to 10.38 p. m. 
10.38 p. m. to 11.42 p. m 
11.42 p. m. to 1.51 a. m. 
1.51 a. m. to 5.17 a. m. . . 

5.17 a. m. to 6.00 a. m. . 
• Subperiod 4 — 

6.00 a. m. to 8.59 a. m. . 
8.59 a. m. to 10.26 a. m.. 

10.26 a. m. to 1.24 p. m. 

1.24 p. m. to 2.20 p. m.. 
2.20 p. m. to 6.00 p. m.. 

Period III6: 

Subperiod 1 — 

6.00 p. m to 10.27 p. m_. 

10.27 p. m. to 12.21 a. m 
12.21 a. m. to 2.05 a. m. . 
2.05 a. m. to 3.31 a. m. . . 
3.31a. m. to 6.00 a.m... 

Subperiod 2— 

6.00 a. m. to 10.33 a. m.. 
10.33 a. m. to 12.33 p. m 
12.33 p. m. to 1.54 p. m. 
1.54 p. m. to 2.44 p. m. . 
2.44 p. m. to 6.00 p. m.. 
Subperiod 3 — 

6.00 p. m. to 8.07 p. m.. 
8.07 p. m. to 9.30 p.m.. 

9.30 p. m. to 1.25 a. in. . 

1.25 a. m. to 2.58 a. m. . . 
2.58 a. m. to 3.47 a. m. . . 

3.47 a. m. to 5.44 a. m. . . 

5.44 a. m. to 6.00 a. m. . . 
Subperiod 4 — 

6.00 a. m. to 9.18 a. m... 

9.18 a. m. to 11.28 a. m.. 

11.28 a. m. to 1.43 p. m. 
1.43 p. m. to 1.45 p. m. . 

1.45 p. m. to 6.00 p. m.. 



Minutes 

471 

5 

93 

137 

14 

434 
132 
154 

119 
159 
64 
129 
206 

43 

179 
87 

178 
56 

220 



267 
114 
104 



273 
120 
81 
50 
196 

127 
83 

235 
93 
49 

117 
16 

198 
130 
135 



Standing . 
Lying.... 
Standing. 

Lying 

Standing . 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 



Standing 

Lying 

Standing 

Lying 

Standing and 

lying.a 
Standing 



Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing . 



Standing. 

Lying 

Standing . 

Lying 

Standing . 

Standing . 

Lying 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing . 

Lying 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Standing . 

Lying 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 



Calories. 

3,271.84 

32.56 

665. 08 

690. 83 

115. 70 

2,648.94 

581. 85 

1,093.56 



861. 70 

485. 74 

739. 81 

1,192.22 

333.94 

1,231.48 
454. 05 

1,202.65 
260. 11 

1,590.73 



1,815.36 
574. 49 
751. 12 
457. 29 

1,045.05 

1,587.45 
551. 84 
497.03 
215. 99 

1,302.02 

792. 55 
394.36 
1,612.37 
483. 30 
312. 72 
608. 25 
139. 12 

1,286.64 

574. 65 

927. 79 

2.38 

1,674.18 



Calories. 



6. 5120 
7. 1514 
5. 0425 
8. 2642 

6. 1035 

4. 4075 
7. 1010 

6. 6257 
5. 4195 
7. 5896 

5. 7349 
00 

7. 7660 

6. 8797 
5. 2189 
6. 7564 
4. 6448 
7. 2305 



6. 7991 
5. 0394 
7. 2223 

5. 3173 
7. 0137 

5. 8148 
4.5986 
6.1361 
4.3198 
6.6428 

6.2405 
4.7513 
6. 8611 
5. 1967 

6. 3820 
5. 1987 
8. 6950 

6. 4981 
4. 4203 
6:8725 
i. 1900 
6. 5654 



a The animal lay down so quietly that it was not noticed at the time, 
made between 1.51 and 5.17 for standing and lying. 



Therefore no division was 



From the foregoing table have been computed the following results 
for the total heat emitted during the several periods in the lying and 
the standing positions, respectively, together with the average heat 
emission per minute. In making these computations the artificial 
division into subperiods has been disregarded. 



HEAT EMISSION AND HEAT PRODUCTION. 
Table 18. — Average heat emission per minute. 



23 



Standing. 




Period la: 

Minutes 

Total heat 

Heat per minute 

Ratio 

Period IIo: 

Minutes 

Total heat 

Heat per minute 

Ratio 

Period Ilia: 

Minutes 

Total heat 

Heat per minute 

Ratio 

Period 16 (subperiods 1, 3, and 4) : 

Minutes 

Total heat 

Heat per minute 

Period lib (subperiods 1 and 2 only) : 

Minutes 

Total heat 

Heat per minute 

Ratio 

Period III6: 

Minutes 

Total heat 

Heat per minute. 

Ratio 



.calories 
....do.. 



2,085 
13,743.4 
6. 5915 
1. 3566 



The differences in rate of heat emission, although slightly smaller, are 
still quite comparable with those observed in the previous year with 
the same animal (Bui. 74, p. 24), while both are larger than those 
observed in the first year's experiments (Bui. 51, p. 37). In the 
results of the last two years there appears a distinct effect of the 
amount of feed consumed, the difference in the heat emission 
standing and lying tending to be greater on the heavier rations. In 
this year's experiments, too, the difference seems to be less in the trials 
at the lower temperature, although the results for periods lb and IK, 
as noted, are somewhat incomplete. While we should naturally 
ascribe these differences in heat emission chiefly to the increased 
muscular exertion required in standing, it would seem that there are 
other factors affecting it. 



HEAT EMISSION AND HEAT PRODUCTION. 



The figures of the preceding tables show the amounts of heat given 
off by the animal. The heat emitted by the animal, however, is 
equal to the amount of heat actually produced only when the initial 
and final states of the animal are the same. Consequently there 
may be, according to circumstances, either a storage of heat in the 
body or an emission of heat produced in a previous period. In this 
respect there are two principal sources of error — first, variations in 
the body temperature of the animal ; second, a storage or loss of mat- 
ter by the body. As regards the first of these sources of error, it has 
been assumed that under normal and uniform conditions the body 



24 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 



temperature would be substantially the same at the same hour of the 
day. We have not been able as yet to make systematic determina- 
tions of the body temperature of cattle as a check upon this assump- 
tion, but the rectal temperature of the animal was taken daily during 
the digestion periods proper of Periods I and IX, except when the 
steer was in the calorimeter, and also during the preliminary feeding 
of Periods II and III and on one day during the digestion period 
proper of Period III. The observations were made immediately 
before watering, by means of a self-registering mercurial thermome- 
ter, with the following results : 

Table 19. — Temperature of the animal. 



Period I. 


Period II. 


Period III. 


Date. 


Tempera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Tempera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Tempera- 
ture. 




°C. 

38.3 
38.1 
38.1 
38.2 
37.9 
38.0 




°C. 
38.3 
38.2 
38.2 
38.2 
38.3 
38.2 
38.1 
38.1 
38.2 
38.1 
38.2 
38.1 
38.3 




"C. 
38.2 


16... 


4 


29 


38.3 


17 


5 




38.3 


18... 


6... 


2 


38.4 


19 


7 


3 


38.3 


22 


8 


4 


38.3 




9 


5 


38.2 




38.1 


12 


G 


38.3 




13 


7 


38.3 




14 


12 


38.3 




15 


Average 






16. . . 


38.3 




19 






Average 






38.2 





In but two cases does the difference between two successive days 
exceed 0.1° C. With an average live weight of about 580 kilograms, 
assuming a specific heat of 0.8 for the body, this difference is equiva- 
lent to 46 calories. 

If the animal stores up matter in its body, there must necessarily 
be a corresponding retention of a portion of the heat arising from 
body metabolism, since the matter which is stored was consumed in 
the food at a temperature considerably below that of the body. On 
the other hand, if there is a loss of matter from the body in any one 
of the various excreta, the temperature of this matter is reduced 
(either actually or by calculation) to that of the surrounding air 
before it leaves the calorimeter, and this heat which was previously 
stored up in the body is measured along with that actually produced 
during the experiment. The above statements are of course true 
whatever be the kind of matter stored up or given off; but the 
income and outgo of water is of especial importance in this respect, 
both because of its large amount and because of the high specific 
heat of water. Indeed, a very simple calculation serves to show that 
in these experiments the difference in the income and outgo of dry 
matter does not materially affect the computation of the balance of 



APPROXIMATE WATER BALANCE. 



25 



energy, and that consequently only tlje income and outgo of water 
need be considered. 

From the data contained in the various tables of the Appendix are 
compiled the following tables, showing the income and outgo of 
water by the animal and the corresponding gain or loss of heat on 
each day of the calorimeter experiments. The body temperature has 
been assumed to be represented by the average for the period (Table 
19), while that of the calorimeter was 19.0° C. and 13.5° C. in the series 
a and b, respectively, except in Period Illb, when it was 13.8° C. In 
the case of feces spilled in the calorimeter the water remaining in 
them when sampled has been divided equally between the two days. 

Table 20,. — Approximate water balance. 
PERIOD I. 





Income. 


Outgo. 




Income. 


Outgo. 


Period la: 

January 13 — 

Uay 


Grams. 

272 

11,330 


Grams. 


Period I&: 

January 20 — 

Hay 


Grams. 

289 

3,554 


Grams. 












2,908 

37 

3,963 

4,029 

665 




4,936 










4 










3,599 
2,638 


Water vapor 














7,334 






January 21 — 

Hay 






11,602 


11,602 


11,177 | 11,177 


January 14 — 

Hay 


296 
760 




1 
270 ' 


Water 






11,895 




4,718 

37 

2,984 

3,812 






5,102 
4 
2,583 
2,876 
1,600 




























10, 495 
















11,551 


11,551 


12,165 12.165 



PERIOD II. 



Period Ila: 

February 10 — 

Hay 


536 
11,952 




Period 116: 

February 17 — 

Hay 


449 
25,670 














9,856 

54 

5,209 

4,666 




7,658 
14 


















5.242 










3. 334 




7,297 






9,871 






February 18— 

Hay 






19,785 


19, 785 


26, 119 


26, 119 


February 11 — 

Hay 


597 
17, 470 




504 
14, 460 














8, 696 

54 

5, 584 

4,736 




6,921 










14 










5,071 










3,560 




1,003 




602 














19,070 


19, 070 


15,566 


15,566 



12237— Bull. 101—07- 



26 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF EED CLOVER HAY. 

Table 20.— Approximate water balance — Continued. • 

PERIOD III. 





Income. 


Outgo. 




Income. 


Outgo. 


Period Ilia: 
March 9 — 
Hay 


Grams. 

458 

5,205 


Grams. 


Period 1 116: 
March 16 — 

Hay .".■ 


Grams. 

412 

18, 100 


Grams. 












99 

5,762 

7 

4,578 

4,633 




6,611 






Feces spilled 




4 








4,461 








3,379 








4, 057 




9,416 


March 17— 

Hay 














15,079 


15,079 


18,512 


18,512 


March 10 — 
Hay. 


451 
16,020 




387 
11,200 








Water 






53 

5/100 
7 
4,503 
4,551 
2,257 




5,779 
4 


















4,548 
3,545 














2,289 




















16, 471 


16, 471 


13, 876 


13,876 



Upon the basis of the above figures the actual heat production has 
been computed, as shown in the following table, the difference be- 
tween the income and outgo of water, expressed in kilograms, being 
multiplied by the difference between the average body temperature 
for the period and the temperature of the calorimeter to obtain the 
correction. With the exception of Period Ila, the results for the 
two days of each period where such a comparison is possible show a 
very close agreement in the amount of heat actually produced. 

Table 21. — Heat production. 



Period. 


Measured 
in calorim- 
eter. 


Correction 
for water 
balance. 


Heat pro- 
duced. 


Period la: 

First day 


Calories. 
10, 881. 7 
11,127.9 


Calories. 
+ 12.7 
-200.5 


Calories. 
10, 894. 4 
10,927.4 


Second day 






11,004.8 


- 93.9 


10,910.9 




Period I&: 

First day 










11,696.9 


+ 39.4 


11 736 3 






Period Ha: 

First day 


11,405.2 
11,623.9 


-140.1 
- 19.3 


11 265 1 












11,514.5 


- 79.7 


11 434 9 






Period 116: 

First day 


11,073.8 


+243.8 


11 317 6 














Period Ilia: , 

First day 


10,909.9 
10, 675. 4 


-181.7 
+ 43.6 


10, 728. 2 
10 719 


Second day 






Average 


10, 792. 7 


- 69.1 


10, 723. 6 




Period III6: 

First day : 


10,798.2 
10,906.8 


+ 99.4 
-' 56.1 


10,897.6 
10 850 7 


Second day 








10,852.5 


+ 21.7 


10 874 2 







NITROGEN AND CARBON BALANCE. 



27 



THE BALANCE OF MATTER.. 

Considering the figures for epidermal tissues in Table 10 to repre- 
sent the average rate of growth of hair, etc., we may subdivide the 
gain or loss as ordinarily computed into the growth of these tissues 
and the real gain or loss of the proteids and fat of the body, as has 
been done in the computations which follow. 



THE NITROGEN AND CARBON BALANCE. 



The income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon are shown in the 
following table. The figures for hydrogen are omitted for the reason 
that, as stated on page 15, the results for water were not found to 
be entirely satisfactory. In Period 116, as noted on page 19, the 
results on methane were apparently too low, and therefore those of 
Period Ha, on the same ration, have been substituted. 

Table 22. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon per day and head. 



Period. 


Nitrogen. 


Carbon. 


Income. 


Outgo. 


Income. 


Outgo. 


Period la: 

Hay 


Grams. 
65.12 


Grams. 


Grams. 
1, 363. 70 


Grams. 




25. 85 

50. 75 

0.60 


546. 98 






112. 15 








3.69 








50.98 










1,079.03 




12.08 




429.13 












77.20 


77.20 


1,792.83 


1,792.83 


Period 16: 

Hay , ^ 


65.12 




1,363.70 






25. 85 

50. 75 

0.60 


546. 98 








111. 61 








3.69 








48.74 










1,092.38 




12.08 




439. 70 












77.20 


77.20 


1,803.40 


1, 803. 40 


Period I la: 

Hay 


112. 06 




2, 323. 71 








43.45 
69. 05 
0.60 


. 931.83 








168. 76 








3.69 








68.48 










1, 259. 75 


Balance 


1.04 




108. 80 












113. 10 


113. 10 


2, 432. 51 


2, 432. 51 


Period 116: 

Hay 


112.06 




2, 323. 71 






43. 45 
69. 05 
0.60 


931. 83 








168. 76 








3.69 

68.48 

1,239.30 














Balance 




1.04 




88.35 










113. 02 113. 02 | 2, 412. 06 2, 412. 06 



28 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF BED CLOVER HAY. 

Table 22. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon per day and head — Continued. 





Nitrogen. 


Carbon. 




Income. 


Outgo. 


Income. 


Outgo. 


Period Ilia: 

Hay 


Grams. 
91.47 


Grams. 


Grams. 
1.911.04 


Grams. 




36.44 
60.55 
0.60 


780. 05 








141. 80 








3.69 








57.27 








1, 150. 38 




6.12 




222. 15 












97.59 


97.59 


2, 133. 19 


2, 133. 19 


Period III5: 


91.47 




1,911.04 






36.44 
60.55 
0.60 


780. 05 








141. 80 








3.69 








60. 85 










1, 135. 09 




6.12 




210. 44 










* 


97.59 


97.59 


2, 121. 48 


2, 121. 48 



GAIN OP PROTEIN AND PAT. 



Excluding the brushings, the gain of protein and fat, which was of 
course negative in every instance, has been computed in the usual 
manner, using Kohler's a figures for the composition of the nitrogenous 
tissue of cattle, namely, nitrogen 16.67 per cent and carbon 52.54 
per cent. In other words, body protein is equivalent to nitrogen 
multiplied by 6. In the computation of fat from carbon the usual 
factor (1.3) has been employed. 

Table 23. — Gain of protein and fat per day and head. 





Gain of 
nitro- 
gen. 


Equiva- 
lent pro- 
tein 

(NX6). 


Gain of carbon. 


Equiva- 
lent gain 
of fat. 


Computed energy of gain. 


Period. 


Total. 


As pro- 
tein. 


As fat. 


Protein. 


Fat.. 


Total. 


la 

16 

Ha 


Grams. 
-12.08 
-12.08 

- 1.04 

- 1.04 

- 6.12 

- 6.12 


Grams. 
-72. 48 
-72. 48 

- 6.24 

- 6.24 
-36. 72 
-36. 72 


Grams. 
-429.13 
-439.70 
-108.80 
- 88.35 
-222. 15 
-210. 44 


Grams. 
-38.08 
-38. 08 

- 3.28 

- 3.28 
-19.29 
-19.29 


Grams. 
-391.05 
-401.62 
-105.52 
- 85.07 
-202.86 
-191.15 


Grams. 
-508. 4 
-522. 2 
-137.2 
-110.6 
-263. 7 
-248.5 


Calories. 
-413.2 
-413.2 

- 35.6 

- 35.6 
-209. 3 
-209. 3 


Calories. 
-4, 829. 8 
-4,960.9 
-1,303.4 
-1,050.7 
-2,505.2 
-2,360.8 


Calories. 
-5,243.0 
-5,374.1 
-1,339.0 


116 

Ilia 

III6 


-1,086.3 
-2,714.5 
-2,570.1 



THE BALANCE OF ENERGY. 

In these experiments we have direct determinations of all the 
factors of income and outgo of energy, except the potential energy 
of the methane excreted and that of the tissue gained by the animal. 
The energy of the methane, however, may be safely computed from 
its amount, its heat of combustion at constant pressure being 13.344 
calories per gram. The energy of the gain of tissue by the animal 

oZeit. f. Physiol. Cheni., 31, 479. . 



THE BALANCE OF ENERGY. 



29 



may be estimated in the usual way from the computed amounts of 
protein and fat given above, using the factors 5.7 calories and 9.5 
calories per gram, respectively. Having done this, we are in position 
to compare the income with the outgo of energy, and thus to check 
to a considerable extent the accuracy of our experiments. The fol- 
lowing table contains such a comparison for each period. The differ- 
ence between income and outgo, which has been entered in the table 
under the heading "Error," shows, of course, the extent to which our 
results appear to deviate from those required by the law of the con- 
servation of energy. 

Table 24. — Balance of energy per day and head. 





Period I. 


Period II. 


Period III. 




Income. 


Outgo. 


Income. 


Outgo. 


Income. 


Outgo. 


Series a, at 19° C: 

Hay 


Calories. 
13, 170. 7 


Calories. 


Calories. 
22,557.7 


Calories. 


Calories. 
18,535.1 


Calories. 




5,403.3 

1,046.4 

41.3 

908.9 

10,910.9 


9, 132. 
1,522.3 
41.3 
1,221.0 
11,434.9 


7,666 1 










1,247 2 










41 3 










1,021.0 
10, 723. 6 










Loss by body — 


413.2 

4, 829. 8 


35.6 
1,303.4 


209.3 
2,505.2 


Fat 




545.2 




Error 


102.9 


550.4 














18, 413. 7 


18, 413. 7 


23,896.7 


23, 896. 7 


21,249.6 


21, 249. 6 


Series b, at 13.5° C.: 
Hay 


13, 170. 7 




22,557.7 


9, 132. 

1,522.3 

41.3 

al,221.0 

11,317.6 


18, 535. 1 




Feces 


5,403.3 

1,046.4 

41.3 

868.9 

11,736.3 


7, 666. 1 










1,247.2 
41.3 
















1,084.8 
10, 874. 6 


Heat 






Loss by body — 

Proteids 


413.2 

4,960.9 

551.4 


35.6 

1, 050. 7 


209.3 

2,560.8 


Fat 








Error 




409.8 


191.2 














19,096.2 


19,096.2 


23, 644. 


23, 644. 


21,105.2 


21,105.2 



a Assumed to be the same as in Period Ila. See p. 19. 

With the exception of Periods la and III&, the agreement between 
the results computed from the energy balance and those computed 
from the balance of carbon and nitrogen is much less satisfactory 
than in previous years. A direct comparison of the gains or losses, 
however, is somewhat misleading, because all the errors of the experi- 
ments are concentrated in a single relatively small number. It 
seems on the whole fairer, therefore, to compare the total heat pro- 
duction as measured with that computed from the balance of carbon 
and nitrogen, as has been done in the following table: 



30 



THE AVAILABLE ENEEGY OP RED CLOVER HAY. 



Table 25. — Heat production per day and head. 



Period. 


Computed. 


Observed. 


Com- 
puted -j- ob- 
served. 


la 


Calories. 
11,012.9 
11/184.9 
11, 980. 1 
11, 727. 4 
11,274.0 
11,065.8 


Calories. 
10, 910. 9 
11,736.3 
11,434.9 
11, 317. 6 
10, 723. 6 
10,874.6 


Per cent. 
100.9 


lb : 


95.3 


Ho 


104.8 


lib : 


103. 6 


Ilia 


105.1 


Hlb 


101.8 







The computed heat production exceeds more or less that actually 
observed in every instance but one. This is practically equivalent 
to saying either that the results for the carbon excretion are too high, 
or those for heat too low, or else that some nonnitrogenous body sub- 
stance other than fat was being oxidized. As regards the first 
alternative it may be said that according to the results of our alcohol 
check tests in each year the tendency of the apparatus seems to be in 
precisely the opposite direction, viz, to give results slightly too low 
for carbon dioxid and too high for heat. As regards the nature, of the 
body substances oxidized, it is of course possible that it may have 
consisted in part of stored-up carbohydrates (glycogen) which would 
evolve more CO, in proportion to the energy liberated than would fat. 
It is hardly possible, however, that this can have been the case to the 
large extent required to account for the observed discrepancies. 

It should be noted further that the results in Periods IK and III& 

are somewhat uncertain, owing to various disturbances during the 

runs. 

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. 

DIGESTIBILITY. 

The results tabulated in Table III of the Appendix and summarized 
also under the several periods are brought together in the following 

table : 

Table 26. — Percentage digestibility. 



Constituents and energy. 



Period I. 


Period II. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


61.41 


61.39 


44.04 


40.92 


62.70 


62.96 


54.56 


54.08 


a 100. 00 


a 100. 00 


55.37 


55.97 


68. 05 


67.90 


62.24 


64.08 


58.97 


59.5.1 



Period III. 



Dry matter 

Ash 

Organic matter 

Proteids 

Nonproteids 

Crude fiber 

Nitrogen-free extract 

Ether extract 

Energy 



Per cent. 
60.68 
36.83 
62.43 
53.48 
a 100. 00 
53.81 
68.51 
65.62 
58.64 



The slight differences between the several periods attest the accu- 
racy of this part of the experiment. 



DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. 



31 



METABOLIZABLE ENERGY. 



The term metabolizable energy has been used by the writers to 
designate that portion of the total energy of the food which is capable 
of conversion into the kinetic form in the body. In this sense it is 
equivalent to energy of food minus energy of excreta or to what is 
often called "fuel value." 

The data of the foregoing pages enable us to compute the metab- 
olizable energy of the rations in the several periods. Before doing 
so, however, a certain correction is necessary in the energy of the 
urine. For example, in Period I the animal lost 12.08 grams of body 
nitrogen, corresponding to a loss of 72.48 grams of protein. Accord- 
ing to Rubner's results, the potential energy of the urine is increased 
by about 7.45 calories for each gram of urinary nitrogen coming 
from the oxidation of body protein. In this case, then, the urine 
contained approximately 12.08 X 7.45 = 90 'calories of energy not 
derived from the potential energy of the food but from that of body 
tissue. It is plain, then, that the potential energy of the urine must 
be diminished by this amount before it is subtracted from the gross 
energy of the food in order to get the true metabolizable energy of the 
latter. The corresponding corrections for the several periods, com- 
puted in this way, are as follows : 

Table 27 r — Energy of urine. 



Period. 


Observed. 1 jj*** 


Equiva- 
lent energy. 


Corrected 

energy of 

urine. 




Calories. ; Grams. 
1,046.4 1 -12.08 
1,522.3 - 1.04 
1,247.2 - 6.12 


Calories. 
-90.0 
- 7.8 
-45. 6 




I 


Calories. 
956.4 


II 

Ill 


1. 514. 5 

1. 201. 6 







Using these corrected values the metabolizable energy of the clover 
hay fed is computed in the following table: 

Table 28. — Metabolizable. energy of clover hay. 





Period I. 


Period II. 


Period III. 




Feed. 


Excreta. 


Feed. 


Excreta. 


Feedr 


Excreta. 


Hay 


Calories. 
13, 170. 7 


Calories. 


Calories. 
22, 557. 7 


Calories. 


Calories. 
18, 535. 1 


Calories. 




5, 403. 3 
956.4 
888.9 

5, 922. 1 


9, 132. 

1, 514. 5 

a 1,221.0 

10, 690. 2 


7, 666. 1 


Urine (corrected) 








1,203.6 










1, 053. 


Metabolizable 






8, 614. 4 














13, 170. 7 


13, 170. 7 


22, 557. 7 


22, 557. 7 


18, 535. 1 


18, 535. 1 



a Period Ila only. 



The relation of the metabolizable energy to the amount of matter 
in the food may be expressed in terms of calories per gram of the 



32 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 



total or of the digested organic matter. Computed in this way the 
results are as shown in the following table : 

Table 29. — Metabolizable energy per gram of organic matter. 





Organic matter of hay. 


Metabolizable energy. 


Period. 


Total. 


Digested. 


Total. 


Per gram 
of total 
organic 
matter. 


Per gram 
of digest- 
ible organic 
matter. 


I 


Grams. 
2, 730. 3 
4, 668. 
3, 856. 


Grams. 
1, 712. 
2, 939. 
2, 407. 


Calories. 
5, 922. 1 
10. 690. 2 
8, 614. 4 


Calories. 
2.169 
2.290 
2.234 


Calories. 
.3. 460 


II 


3.637 


Ill 


3.578 







The metabolizable energy of a feeding stuff may also be expressed 
as a percentage of the total or gross energy. Such a percentage is 
analogous to a digestion coefficient, so that if an average value for it 
were established for any particular kind of feeding stuff the amount 
of metabolizable energy in a given amount of it could be computed 
from 1 its total energy by multiplication by this coefficient, just as 
the digestible dry matter or organic matter can be computed from 
the total amount present by the use of a digestion coefficient. The 
first half of the following table shows the percentage of the total 
energy which escaped in the several excreta or which was metabolized 
in the animal's body, while the second half of the table shows the 
same relations based upon the energy of the digested matter. ■ 

Table 30. — Distribution of energy of clover hay. 



Energy. 




Gross energy. 




Energy of digested matter. 


Period I. 


Period II. 


Period III. 


Average. 


Period I. 


Period II. 


Period III. 


Average. 


In feces 


Per cent. 

41.03 
7.25 
6.75 

44.97 


Per cent. 

40.49 

6.72 

5.41 

47.38 


Per cent. 

41.31 
6.48 
5.68 

46.48 


Per cent. 

40.96 
6.81 
5.95 

46.28 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


In urine 

In methane 

Metabolizable . 


12.30 
11.44 
76.26 


11. 28 ■ 
9.09 
79. 63 


11.05 
9.69 
79.26 


11.54 
10.07 
78.39 




100. 00 


100. 00 


100. 00 


100. 00 


100. 00 


100.00 


100. 00 


100. 00 



INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON HEAT PRODUCTION. 

As stated in the introduction, one of the purposes of the experi- 
ment was to observe the effect of temperature upon the total metab- 
olism, so far as this could be done within the limited range of the 
apparatus. Two series of respiration experiments were made, one 
at 19° C. and one at 13.5° C, these being designated as series a and 
series ~b, respectively. The results have already been given in the 
description of the experiment, but are brought together here for 
more convenient comparison. 



INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON HEAT PRODUCTION. 



33 



Table 31. — Heat production. 





Series a, at 19° C. 


Series 6, at 13.5° C. 


Period. 


Given off 
by radi- 
ation and 
conduc- 
tion. 


Given off 

as latent 

heat of 

water 

vapor. 


Correc- 
tion for 
water 
balance. 


Total. 


Given off 
by radi- 
ation and 
conduc- 
tion. 


Given off 

as latent 

heat of 

water 

vapor. 


Correc- 
tion for 
water 
balance. 


Total. 


I 


Calories. 
8, 684. 1 
8, 731. 6 
8.074.3 


Calories. 
2, 320. 7 


Calories. 
-93.9 


| 
Calories. ; Calories. 
10, 910. 9 9, 994. 4 
11, 434. 9 1 9, 100. 3 
10,723.6 i 8.803.0 


Calories. 
1,702.5 


Calories. 
+ 39.4 


Calories. 
11, 736. 3 


II 


2,782.9 ! -79.7 
2, 718. 3 —69. 1 


1,973.5 
2, 049. 5 


+243. 8 
+ 21.7 


11,317.6 
10, 874. 2 


Ill 













/ In Period lb, as shown in Table 17, the animal stood constantly 
for forty-eight hours, and as would be expected the heat production 
appears to be abnormally high. In the other cases the difference of 
5.5° C. in temperature seems to have made but a slight difference 
in the total heat production. 

But, while this is true as regards the total amount of heat produced, 
the difference in temperature made a striking difference in the chan- 
nel of excretion by which the body rid itself of its heat. A much 
less proportion of it was removed as latent heat of water vapor and 
correspondingly more by radiation and conduction at the lower 
temperature, as is shown clearly in the following table, based on the 
figures for heat production just given. The correction for the water 
balance is taken as representing heat stored temporarily in the body. 

Table 32. — Percentage distribution of heat produced. 





Series a, at 19° C 


Series 6, at 13.5° C 


Period . 


Given off Given off 
by radi- j as latent 
ation and j heat of 
conduc- water 
tion. vapor. 


Stored in 
body. 


Given off 
by radia- 
tion and 
conduc- 
tion. 


Given off 

as latent 

heat of 

water 

vapor. 


Stored in 
body. 


I 


Per cent. 
79.59 
76.36 
75.29 


Per cent. 
21.27 
24.34 
25.35 


Per cent. 
-0.86 
-0.70 
-0.64 


Per cent. 
85. 16 
80. 41 

so: 95 


Per cent. 
14.51 
17.44 
18.85 


Per cent. 
0.33 


II 


2.15 


Ill 


0.20 















The relative humidity of the air does not appear in this case to 
have been an important factor in bringing about the marked decrease 
in the evaporation of water at the lower temperature. The relative 
humidit} r of the ingoing and of the outcoming air, and also the aver- 
age relative humidity of the four residual samples taken at the end 
of each subperiod, were as follows: 



34 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 



Table 33. — Relative humidity. 



Period. 


Ingoing 
air. 


Outcoming 
air. 


Residual 
samples. 


la 


Per cent. 
2.3 
2.4 
2.2 
4.9 
4.7 
2.3 


Per cent. 
28.2 
32.1 
30.6 
29.9 
33.8 
31.2 


Per cent. 
27.2 


Ha . . 


29.7 


Ilia 


29.7 


16 . . 


28.7 


116 . 


34.7 


III6 . . 


32.3 







Apparently the difference in the method of excretion of the heat 
was a direct effect of the lower temperature. 



NET AVAILABLE ENERGY. 

Both our own observations and those of others, notably those of 
Zuntz and his associates, have shown that a considerable portion of 
the metabolizable energy of the food may be consumed in those 
mechanical and chemical processes incident to the digestion of the 
food and its conversion into forms fitted to nourish the body, or 
may otherwise be converted into the form of heat, and so not be 
directly available to make good the losses of potential energy from 
the body caused by the vital processes. The portion of the metab- 
olizable energy remaining after subtracting the portion thus ex- 
pended represents the net contribution which the food has made to 
the maintenance of the stock of potential energy in the body. This 
portion of the energy of the food is designated as net available energy. 
In other words, it is energy available for maintenance. 

As explained in previous bulletins, the availability of the energy 
of a feeding stuff is determined by a comparison of the losses of 
energy by the animal in periods in which different amounts of the 
feed in question are consumed. In this experiment three different 
amounts of clover hay were fed to the animal, and consequently a 
comparison of the three periods should give us two results regarding 
availability in Series a and two in Series b. 

The losses of protein and fat by the animal as tabulated on preced- 
ing pages do not take account of the amounts of matter and energy 
contained in the brushings, which are tabulated separately. It is 
clear, however, that these ought to be included in a computation of 
availability, since a portion of the energy of the food was expended 
in their production. Furthermore, since the metabolizable energy 
of the food has been corrected in Table 27, for the gain or loss of 
nitrogen by the animal, the figures for the gain or loss of engery 
should be similarily corrected by adding to the gain (i. e., subtracting 
from the loss) 7.45 calories for eacn gram of nitrogen lost by the 



AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY. 



35 



animal. Indicating gain or loss by the mathematical signs + and 
— , the corrections and the corrected gains were as shown in the 
following table : 

Table 34. — Corrected gains. 





Gain ac- 
cording to 
previous 
tables. 


Correction for — 


Corrected 
gain. 




B rustl- 
ings. 


Gain of 
protein. 


Computed from balance of nitrogen and carbon: 


Calories. 
-5,243.0 
-1,339.0 
-2,714.5 
-5,374.1 
-1,086.3 
-2,570.1 

-5,140.1 

- 793. 8 
-2,164.1 
-5,925.5 

- 676. 5 
-2,378.9 


Calories. 
+41.3 
+41.3 
+ 41.3 
+ 41.3 
+ 41.3 
+ 41.3 

+ 41.3 
+ 41.3 
+ 41.3 
+ 41.3 
+ 41.3 
+ 41.3 


Calories. 
+90.0 
+ 7.8 
+ 45.6 
+ 90.0 
+ 7.8 
+ 45.6 

+90.0 
+ 7.8 
+ 45.6 
+90.0 

+ 7.8 
+ 45.6, 


Calories. 
-5,111.7 




-1,289.0 


Period Ilia 


-2,627.6 




-5,242.8 




-1,037.2 


Period Illb 


-2,483.2 


Computed from balance of energy: 


-5,008.8 




- 744.7 




-2,077.2 




-5,794.2 




- 627. 4 


Period III& 


-2,292.0 







As already noted, there was no marked difference between Series 
a and Series b as regards heat production or loss except in Period 




Diagram 2. — Availability of energy. 

lb. In this period for some reason the animal refused to lie down 
at all. It is presumably in consequence of this fact that the observed 
heat production was considerably higher than in the corresponding 



36 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 



-Period la, although this is not true of the heat production as com- 
puted from the balance of nitrogen and carbon. If we arbitrarily 
reject Period lb as having been under abnormal conditions and plat 
the data of the remaining experiments as in previous bulletins, we 
have the results for the two series separately and for their average, 
which are shown in Diagram 2. While the losses as computed from 
the carbon and nitrogen balance are greater than those deduced 
from the energy balance, the average results of Series a and Series b 
are quite closely parallel. 

If, on the other hand, again omitting the results for energy of 
Period lb, we average for each series separately the results as com- 



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METABOLJZ4BLE ENERGY fG^LOEf/E^J 



Diagram 3. — Average results of carbon and nitrogen and energy balances. 

puted from the carbon and nitrogen balance and those computed 
from the energy, we have the results shown in Diagram 3, which 
again expresses the fact, already pointed out, that a very slight 
difference was shown between the results of Series a and those of 
Series b. 

As previously stated, the results of the calorimeter experiments 
lb and IB were not as satisfactory as the others. In both cases 
the balance of energy was obtained for twenty-four hours only, 
owing to various disarrangements of the apparatus, and in subperiod 



AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY. 



37 



4 of Period II& the methane determination is lacking. On the 
whole, therefore, we incline to attach considerably more value to 
the results of Series a than to those of Series b. 



CORRECTIONS FOR STANDING AND LYING. 



The average number of hours per day during- which the animal 
la}?" down in the several periods was, as shown in Tables 17 and 18: 



Period la, 3 hours, 12 minutes. 
Period 11a, 7 hours, 47 minutes. 
Period IHa, 9 hours, 8 minutes. 



Period 16, . 

Period 116, 2 hours, 17 minutes. 
Period III6, 6 hours, 38 minutes. 



In view of the very marked influence of standing as compared 
with lying upon the metabolism of the animal, as shown in all our 
experiments, it is evident that the results of the several periods are 
not strictly comparable. Unfortunately, the data available for com- 
puting a correction are not fully sufficient, because, although the 
variations in the rate at which heat was. given off by radiation and 
conduction are shown by the records of the experiment, as sum- 
marized in Tables 17 and 18, the apparatus does not permit similar 
determinations of the rate at which heat was carried off as latent 
heat of water vapor. 

The best approximation which is available appears to be that 
outlined in Bulletin 51 of this Bureau, page 38. This consists in 
assuming, on the one hand, that the rate of elimination of water 
vapor varied at the same rate as that of the radiation of heat, 
and, on the other hand, that it was unaffected by the position 
of the animal. It would seem that these two hypotheses may be 
fairly regarded as representing the extremes of probable variation, 
and if, as appears to be the case, the results when corrected on these 
two hypotheses are substantially concordant, we shall be inclined to 
regard them as probably correct. 

In place of computing the metabolism for the entire twenty-four 
hours either standing or lying, as was done in Bulletin 51, we have 
preferred in this case to compute the results, on the two hypotheses 
above stated, to a uniform period of seven hours passed lying down. 
The method of computation may be illustrated by the results of 
Period la. In this period, as appears from Table 19, the average 
rate at which heat was given off by radiation and conduction and 
brought out of the calorimeter in the water current was : 

Standing, 6.2700 calories per minute. 
Lying, 4.4747 calories per minute. 



38 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 



If the animal had lain down for seven hours out of the twenty- 
four, the total heat given off through these channels would have 
been: 

Standing 17 hours, 6.2700 calories X 1,020=6,395.4 calories. 
Lying 7 hours, 4.4747 calories X 420=1,879.4 calories. 

Total 24 hours 8,274.8 calories. 

The heat actually carried off as latent heat of water vapor in this 
period was 2,320.7 calories, and constituted 21.09 per cent of the 
total heat emission. Upon the first hypothesis, then, the total 
heat emission would have been: 



8.274.8 
0.7891 



= 10,486.4 calories. 



Upon the second hypothesis, that of unchanged elimination of 
water vapor, the total heat emission would have been: 

8,274.8+2,320.7=10,595.5 calories. 

To find the actual heat production, the above figures must be cor- 
rected as in Table 21 for the results of the water balance, the cor- 
rection in this period being —93.9 calories. Accordingly the heat 
production' computed for Period la on the assumption that the 
animal lay down for seven hours is : 

On the first hypothesis, 10,392.5 calories. 
On the second hypothesis, 10,501.6 calories. 

Identical computations for the other periods give' the results 
stated in the following table. In the case of Period lb of course no 
data are available for such a computation. 

Table 35. — Computed heat production — Seven hours lying. 



Period . 


On the first 
hypothesis. 


On the sec- 
ond hy- 
pothesis. 


la .*. 


Calories. 
10, 392. 
11, 580. 9 
11,083.2 
10, 983. 6 
10, 820. 7 


Calories. 
10, 501. (i 


Ila 


11,545.5 


Ilia 


10, 992. 2 
11,043.2 


116 


III6 ... 


10. 835. 1 







The corresponding (negative) gains by the animal — computed, of 
course, from the energy results, since we have no corresponding data 
for the carbon and nitrogen balance— would be as shown in the fol- 
lowing table, in which the corrections for the brushings and for the 
gains of protein have been included in the same manner as in 
Table 34: 



AVERAGE RESULTS OF ENERGY BALANCES. 39 

Table 36. — Computed gains — Seven hours lying. 



Period . 



la .. 
lla. 
Ilia 
lib . 
lllb 



On the first 
hypothesis. 



Calories. 
—4, 4S9. 9 

— 890.7 
—2. 436. 8 

— ' 293. 4 
—2, 244. 1 



On the sec- 
ond, hy- 
pothesis. 



Calories. 
—4, 599. 5 

- 865. 3 
—2, 345. 8 

- 353.0 
—2, 252. 5 



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Diagram 4.— Average results from energy balances computed to 17 hours' standing. 

The averages of these results compared with the amounts of met- 
abolizable energy supplied in the feed are expressed graphically in 
Diagram 4 and are computed numerically in the following table, 
which includes also the amounts of total and of digested organic 
matter consumed by the animal in each period. 



40 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 

Table 37. — Availability of metabolizable energy. 



Series and period. 


Organic matter. 


Metabo- 
lizable 
energy. 


On first hypoth- 
esis. 


On second hy- 
pothesis. 


Average. 


Total. 


Digesti- 
ble. 


Gain. 


Availa- 
bility. 


Gain. 


Availa- 
bility. 


Gain. 


Availa- 
bility. 


Series a : 

Period III 
Period I 


Grams. 
3, 856. 
2, 730. 3 


Grams. 
2, 407. 6 
1,712.0 


Calories. 
8,614.4 
5,922.1 


Calories. 
—2, 436. 8 
—4, 489. 9 


Per ct. 


Calories. 
—2, 345. 8 
-4, 599. 5 


Per ct. 


Calories. 
—2, 391. 3 
—4, 544. 7 


Per ct. 


Difference... 


1, 125. 7 


695.6 


2, 692. 3 


2, 053. 1 


76.26 


2,253.7 


83.71 


2, 153. 4 


79.99 


Period II 

Period III 


4, 668. 
3, 856. 


2,939.0 
2, 407. 6 


10, 690. 2 
8,614.4 


- 890.7 
—2, 436. 8 





— 865.3 
—2, 345. 8 




- 878.0 
—2, 391. 3 




Difference... 


812.0 


531.4 


2,075.8 


1,546.1 


74.48 


1, 480. "5 


71.32 


1,513.3 


72.90 


Series b : 

Period II 
Period III 


4, 668. 
3, 856. 


2,939.0 
2, 407. 6 


10, 690. 2 
8,614.4 


— 293.4 
—2,244.1 




— 353.0 

—2,252.5 




— 323.2 
—2,248.3 




Difference... 


812.0 


531.4 


2,075.8 


1,950.7 


93.96 


1, 899. 5 


91.51 


1,925.1 


92.74 



It must be admitted that the results as they stand do not appear 
especially satisfactory. In particular, the correction to a uniform 
period of lying has the effect of destroying the approximate corre- 
spondence between the results at different temperatures which was 
indicated by Diagrams 2 and 3. The corrected results show appar- 
ently a considerably smaller loss by the animal in Period IK, at the 
lower temperature, than in Period Ila. This result seems unlikely, 
and, as already noted, both Periods 16 and IK were not altogether 
satisfactory. 

Strictly speaking, the results should be corrected also for differences 
in the weight of the animal. Our apparatus does not permit taking the 
weight of the animal during the respiration period, but the weight is 
taken immediately before entering and immediately after leaving 
the calorimeter. If we may assume that the average of the last two 
weights before the respiration period and the first two succeeding 
it represent approximately the average weight of the animal during 
the trial, we have the following as the live weights in the different 
periods : 

Live weights of animal during respiration periods. 



Period. 


Series a. 


Series 6. 


I : 


Kilograms. 
571.1 
586. 7 
580.1 


Kilograms. 
553.7 


II. . ; 


576.0 


Ill 


565.8 







It must be remembered, however, that these variations in weight 
were doubtless due to a considerable extent to variations in the 
amount of material contained in the digestive tract on the different 
rations. We can hardly suppose that the actual radiating surface of 
the body was materially different in the different periods, although, 



HEAT REQUIREMENT OF THE ANIMAL. 41 

on the other hand, the metabolism incident to the maintenance of the 
standing position would naturally be greater the greater the weight 
of the animal, as was indeed found to be the case. Any probable 
corrections for the influence of the live weight, however, are so small 
as to be insignificant as compared with other sources of error and are 
therefore not taken account of in these computations. 

HEAT REQUIREMENT OF THE ANIMAL. 

If we confine our attention to the results of Series a as being on 
the whole decidedly more satisfactory than those of Series b, we have 
apparently a greater average availability between Periods I and III 
than between Periods III and II. A similar result was noted in Bul- 
letin 51 in the results computed for the lying position. This differ- 
ence was there interpreted (page 57) as indicating an indirect utiliza- 
tion by the animal of the heat resulting from the digestion and 
assimilation of the light ration. This view assumes that at a given 
temperature a certain minimum amount of heat is required by the 
animal organism to maintain its temperature, and that if this amount 
of heat is not produced by the ordinary activity of the internal organs 
and the muscles it will be supplied by a direct combustion of food or 
tissue for the purpose of heat production. In the case observed in 
Bulletin 51 it was believed that when the animal was lying down the 
necessary production of heat aside from that resulting from the inges- 
tion of food was insufficient to supply the demands of the animal. 
On the heavier ration a part only of the heat resulting from the work 
of digestion and assimilation was required, in addition to that pro- 
duced by the internal work, to supply the demand for heat. As the 
amount of food was decreased, however, a point was reached at which 
all the heat produced by digestion and assimilation was required for 
this purpose, while with a still smaller amount of food a portion of the 
animal tissue had to be metabolized to supply the necessary heat. 
At or below this point, then, the entire metabolizable energy of the 
food was of use to the animal and the apparent availability became 
100 per cent, represented graphically on Diagram III of Bulletin 
51 by the dotted lines, making an angle of 45 degrees with the coor- 
dinates. It is of some interest to apply the same interpretation to 
this experiment and to compare the results obtained with those found 
in the previous experiment. 

In the experiments of 1901-2 the average live weight of the animal 
in Periods A and B, the ones to be compared, was 401.8 kilograms. 
The computed heat production, lying, in Period A was : 

On the first hypothesis . . : 7, 920 calories. 

On the second hypothesis 8, 250 calories. 

Average 8, 085 calories. 



42 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 

This average amount we may regard as representing the minimum 
of heat required by the animal. 

In the present experiments the average live weight for Periods I 
and III was 574.3 kilograms. The heat production in Period la, 
computed to seven hours lying, was, as previously shown: 

On the first hypothesis 10, 392 calories. 

On the second hypothesis 10, 502 calories. 

Average 10, 447 calories. 

which we may regard as being the minimum required for the older and 
larger animal. 

It seems to be fairly well established that the requirement of the 
animal body for heat is substantially proportional to its surface, or, 
what is approximately the same thing, to the two-thirds power of its 
volume or weight. On this hypothesis we can compute from the 
observed results the probable minimum requirement of an animal 
weighing 500 kilograms as follows : 

Experiment of 1901— 2. 

On the first hypothesis, 7,920 caloriesX(^j!^ N ) S =9, 1G3 calories. 

(500 \ 2 
) 3 =9, 545 calories. 

Average 9, 354 calories. 

Experiment of 1903-4. 

(500 \# 
, J 3 =9, 478 calories. 

(500 \- 
) 3 =9, 576 calories. 
574. 3y 

Average 9,527 calories. 

The close agreement of these figures seems to support strongly the 
view advanced above, namely, that on the lighter ration of Period 

I the animal was consuming its own tissue for beat production and 
that up to a point between this and the ration of Period III the food 
would show an apparent availability of 100 per cent. In other 
words, we conclude that the availability would be represented approx- 
imately by the dotted line in Diagram 4. The point at which the 
relation changes is indicated on the diagram at X, and could, of course, 
be computed numerically by the methods of analytical geometry. 

If this interpretation of the results is correct, the loss of tissue in 
Period lb, at 13.5° C, should be greater than in Period la, at 19° C, 
and, as a matter of fact, that appears to be the tendency, although the 
results are uncertain. On the same hypothesis the losses in Periods 

II and III should be the same at both temperatures. Such an 



MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT OF THE ANIMAL. 43 

equality was observed in Period ITT, but not in Period II. In the 
latter, as already noted, the loss, computed for seven hours lying, 
was less at the lower than at the higher temperature. 

MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT OF THE ANIMAL. 

Another method of comparing the results of the two experiments 
is to compute the maintenance requirement of the animal for a uni- 
form weight of, say, 500 kilograms. The maintenance requirement 
may be defined as the amount of food which supplies sufficient avail- 
able energy to make good the losses incident to the vital activities 
of the animal. Owing to the varying degree of availability of differ- 
ent foods, the total weight of food — or the total metabolizable 
energy — required will vary with the feeding stuff used. The main- 
tenance requirement, therefore, is most logically expressed in terms 
of available energy, and its amount will be found graphically by 
producing the line representing the availability of the food until it 
intersects the vertical axis. The distance from the origin to this 
point of intersection will represent the maintenance requirement in 
terms of available energy, or, in other words, it will be the theoretical 
fasting metabolism of the animal at the given temperature. Per- 
forming the same operation arithmetically, we have, on the basis of 
the average results of Period Ila, the following: 

(10,690 calories X 0.729)+878 calories=8,671 calories, maintenance requirement. 

For the experiments of 1901-2 the computation is not so simple, 
because the rations employed contained in each case 400 grams of 
linseed meal, a material whose net available energy has not yet been 
determined. Its utilizable energy (production value), however, 
compared with that of maize, as computed by the use of Kellner's 
factors , is: 

100 pounds linseed meal=78,929 calories. 
100 pounds maize =88, 847 calories. 

If we assume that the net available energy of the two materials 
is proportional to their utilizable energy, we may compute the net 
available energy of linseed meal per kilogram of dry matter from 
that of maize, as given in the first table on page 40 of Bulletin 74 of 
this Bureau, as follows: 

78 929 
2.679 caloriesXnn'n 47 =2.381 calories per gram of dry matter. 

a Pennsylvania Experiment Station Bulletin 71 (revised), page 16. 



44 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 



Upon this assumption the maintenance requirement of the animal 
in Periods A and B of the experiment of 1901-2 would be as follows: 

Table 38. — Computation of maintenance requirement according to experiment of 1901-2. 



Period A: 

Hay 

Linseed meal . . . 
Loss from body. 

Maintenance . . 



Period B: 

Hay 

Linseed meal . . . 
Loss from body. 



Drv matter Net avail " 

eaten able ener ^ 
eaten. per gram _ 



Grams. 
2, 879. 5 
357.8 



Calories. 
1.268 
2.381 



4, 018. 
354.7 



1.2G8 
2.381 



Maintenance 

Average maintenance . 



Net avail- 
able energy 
of ration. 



Calories. 
3,652 
852 
2,578 



7,082 



5,097 

' 845 

791 



6, 733 
6,908 



The time spent standing in the experiment of 1901-2 was, on the 
average of Periods A and B, fifteen hours. This does not differ suffi- 
ciently from the seventeen hours to which the results of 1903-4 have 
been computed to render a correction necessary for the purposes of 
the present approximate comparison. The reduction of the above 
figures to a live weight of 500 kilograms gives the following results: 

(500 \ 2 
— — J 3 ' =7,824 calories. 



Experiment of 1901-2, 6,908 caloriesX 



f 500 N j 
V401.87 



=7,992 calories. 



We find, then, that if we assume that the results obtained by com- 
paring Periods II and III represent the true availability of the clover 
hay, and that the divergent results obtained by the comparison of 
Periods III and I can be explained in the manner just detailed, we 
obtain results which are closely concordant with those of earlier 
experiments both as to the minimum requirements of the animal for 
heat and as to the amount of available energy required for mainte- 
nance. In spite, therefore, of the somewhat unsatisfactory nature 
of the experiment there seems good reason to believe that the avail- 
ability of the metabolizable energy of the clover hay was in the 
neighborhood of 73 per cent, and that the much lower figure obtained 
in the previous year's experiment was erroneous. The latter con- 
clusion is further strengthened by computing in the same way from 
the results of that experiment the maintenance requirement of the 
animal in terms of available energy. A computation similar to that 
used above gives as a result, for the live weight of 500 kilograms, 
5,907 calories. This result is so much lower than those computed 
from the other two experiments as to be almost certainly erroneous 
and indicates that for some reason the loss by the animal in Period 
II of the experiment in 1903 was overestimated. 



DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY OF VARIOUS FEEDS. 



45 



DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY. 



Using the above corrected figure for the availability of clover hay, 
we may derive the following corrected figures for the percentage dis- 
tribution of the energy of several feeds which were tabulated on pages 
44 to 46 of Bulletin 74: 



Table 39. — Percentage distribution of total energy. 





Timothy 
hay. 


Clover 
hay. 


Meadow 
hay. 


Maize 
meal. 




Per cent. 
48.90 
3.06 
3.79 
16.41 
13.10 
14.74 


Per cent. 

40.96 
6.81 
5.95 

12.49 

| 33. 79J 


Per cent. 
40.96 
5.71 

6.77 

| 27. 28J 

19.28 


Per cent. 
9.18 




3.83 


In methane 


9.31 
17.23 




19.06 


Stored as gain by animal 


41.39 




100. 00 


100.00 


100. 00 


100.00 




27.84 


33.79 




60.45 









Table 40. — Percentage distribution of energy of digested matter. 





Timothy 
hay. 


Clover 
hay. 


Meadow 
hay. 


Maize 
meal. 




Per cent. 
6.00 
7.42 
32.10 
25.64 
28.84 


Per cent. 
11.53 
10.08 
21.15 

} 57 - 24 { 


Per cent. 
9.66 

11.57 

}• 46.08J 
32.69 


Per cent. 
4.22 




10. 25 




18.97 


In tissue formation 


20.99 
45.57 








100.00 


100. 00 


100. 00 


100. 00 




54.49 


27.61 




66.55 









The same results may also be computed in calories per unit of dry 
matter, using the percentages of the above tables as coefficients. 
The total or gross energy of the materials, taking in case of timothy 
hay, clover hay, and maize meal the average of the two general sam- 
ples, was as follows : 

Table 41. — Total or gross energy of materials. 



Per kilo- 
gram dry 
matter. 



Per kilo- 
gram di- 
gested or- 
ganic 
matter. 



Timothy hay 

Clover hay 

Maize meal 

German meadow hay 



Calories. 
4,554 
4,492 
4,431 
4,413 



Calories. 

a 4,382 

b 4, 476 

«4,327 

4,437 



a Preliminary period, steer No. 1. b Average of Periods I and II. c Average of Periods III and IV. 

On this basis have been computed the figures of the tables follow- 
ing, showing the total energy per kilogram of dry matter and its dis- 
tribution in accordance with the percentage figures already given. 



46 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF EED CLOVER HAY. 



Table 42. — Energy per kilogram of total dry matter. 





Timothy 
hay. 


Clover 
hay. 


Meadow 
hay. 


Maize 
meal. 




Calories. 
2,227 
139 
173 
747 
597 
671 


Calories. 

1,840 

306 

267 

561 

} 1,518{ 


Calories. 

1,807 

252 

299 

} 1,204/ 

851 


Calories. 
407 




170 




413 




763 




844 


Stored as gain 


1,834 


Total : 


4,554 


4,492 


4,413 


4,431 




1,268 


1,518 




2,679 









Table 43. — Energy per kilogram of digestible organic matter. 



. 


Timothy 
hay. 


Clover 
hay. 


Meadow 
hay. 


Maize 
meal. 




Calories. 

262 

325 

1,407 

1,124 

1,264 


Calories. 
516 
451 
947 

} 2,562J 


Calories. 
429 
513 

} 2,045J 

1,450 


Calories. 
183 


Lost in methane ■ 


443 

821 




908 




1,972 






• Total 


4,382 


4,476 


1,437 


4,327 




2,388 


2,562 




2,880 









Taking the figures for timothy hay as unity, the relative values of 
these four feeding stuffs are as follows: 

Table 44.— Relative values. 



Timothy hay . 
Clover hay . . . 
Meadow hay . 
Maize meal. . . 



Feed. 



Per kilogram total 
dry matter. 



For main- For fat- 
tenance. tening. 



1.00 
1.20 



1.27 
2.73 



Per kilogram 

digestible organic 

matter. 



For main- For fat- 
tenance. tening. 



1.00 
1.07 



1,00 



1.15 
1.56 



APPENDIX. 



Table I. — Live weight, water drunk, and excreta of animal fed on clover hay. 
[For 24 hours ended at 6. p. m. on date given.] 



Period and 
date. 


Live 
weight. 


Water 
drunk. 


Feces. 


Urine.o 


Period and 
date. 


. Live 

weight. 


Water 
drunk. 


Feces. 


Urine.a 


Period I. 

Jan., 1904. 

2 


Kilos. 

619.5 

592.4 

597.0 

584.2 

586.1 

569.8 

■ 577.8 

582.7 

570.8 

558.6 

jb 580. 8 

i/577.6 


Kilos. 

0.0 
28.6 

8.0 
22. 2 

"o!o 

27.3 
21.0 

0.0 

0.0 
34.7 

0.0 


Grains. 


Grams. 


Period II — Con. 

Feb., 1904— Con. 
13 


Kilos. 

567.6 

565. 1 

573. 4 

I&577.6 

\c572. 4 


Kilos. 
22. 1 
2L8 
14.0 
0.0 

25.67 
14.46 
15.60 


Grams. 
10, 709 
9,324 
10,645 


Grams. 
7,798 


3 






14... 


5,977 


4 






15... 


8,278 


5 






Hi 








8,815 
9,711 
8,806 
8,100 






17 




7 






5,484 


8 






18... 


d 579. 3 
574.8 


5, 305 


9 






19... 


6. 452 


10 










11 










97,807 

142. 4 
51.6 

56. 2 

4.7 


65, 790 








Spilled in calo- 
rimeter Feb. 
11 
















13 


11.33 

.76 
23.9 
24.6 

8.5 

9.5 

0.0 

3.554 
11. 895 
25.8 


3,599 
5,940 
5,425 
5,335 
6,042 
5,994 


4,034 
3,125 
4,803 
11,635 
10,002 
10, 252 




14 

15 


d 565. 3 
560. 5 
565.1 
571.2 
562.6 

(b 560. 7 
\c557.2 


Spilled in stall 
Feb. 13.. 








16 

17 

18 


Spilled in calo- 
rimeter Feb. 
18 










Spilled in stall 
Feb. 19 










5,746 
6,172 
6,609 
4,075 


6,861 
3,724 
2,705 
4,650 








20 


Transition pe- 
riod: 
Feb. 21 
22 
23 
24. 
25 
26. 

Period III. 

Feb., 1904. 
27... 


571.2 
581.1 
583.5 
586.3 
586.1 
587.2 


27 2 
20'.8 
20.1 
16.9 
15.7 
22.3 




21 


d 550. 7 
546.2 




9 2 










Total 






54, 937 

109.1 
18.0 
1.2 

25.1 
36.6 


62, 127 
95.85 

230. 90 
' 39.35 






Spilled in calo- 














14 






D ung from 










590.5 
585.7 
579.7 

579. 
581.0 
579.2 
575.1 
577.8 
567.8 
578.6 
\b 572. 
t« 590. 8 


17.2 
12.9 
15.0 

18.5 
14.9 
11.4 
17.0 • 

2.3 
23.7 

2.0 
23.0 






Spilled in stall 
Jan. 16 








Spilled in calo- 








28. 






21 


29 






Spilled in stall 
Jan. 22 






Mar., 1904. 

1 






Transition pe- 


552.0 
560.4 
571.0 
576.8 
582.8 
584.8 
594.9 


19.0 
19.8 
16.4 
18.8 
15.1 
25.6 


2... 






3... 






Jan. 23 


4... 






24... 






5... 






25... 






6... 






26... 






7... 






27 






8 


















9 




29 . . . 


14.0 


. 




5. 205 
16. 020 

1.4 
22.2 

7.8 
16.1 

18. 100 
11.200 
14.4 


7,306 
6, 504 
8,082 
7,768 
7,810 
7,710 
6,392 
8,449 
7,385 
8,287 


4,770 










10 

11 


d 583. 6 
573.8 
560. 2 
569.8 
564.2 
567.4 


4, 697 

5,287 




597.8 
597.4 

596.2 
596.4 
584.6 
594.9 
594.8 
584.2 
589.3 
585.0 
jb 597. 2 
lc584.5 


13.0 
40.8 

25.2 
5.4 
29.1 
19.5 
6.2 
22.8 
13.9 
11.3 








. 12 


4,735 


Jan 1904 


13 


4 452 


30 


14 


43, 097] 


31.. 






15 


4,707 


Feb., 1904. 






16 


4,657 


1 


17 


d 569. 2 
562.2 


4,735 


2 






18 


5, 038 








Total 




i 










75, 693 
37.0 


46, 175 


5 






Spilled in calo- 
rimeter Mar. 
10. . 








6 








7 ... 









8 






Spilled in stall 
Mar. 14 














441 


9 


15.4 
11. 952 
17. 470 
12.1 






Spilled in calo- 
rimeter Mar. 
17 






20.6 




10 


12, 165 
10,807 
8,725 


5,446 
5,825 
7,468 




11... 


d 587.1 
578.1 




12 











a Including wash water. 
b Taken at 7.30 a. m. 
c Taken at 1 p. m. 



d Taken at 6 p. m. 
e Small loss of urine. 



47 



48 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF EED CLOVER HAY. 



Table II. — Composition of dry matter of feces. 



Constituents and 
energy. 



Ash -... 

Protein (N X 6.25) 

Crude fiber 

Nitrogen - free ex- 
tract 

Ether extract 



Period 
I. 



Per cent. 
10.03 
14.25 
32.90 

39.56 
3.26 



Period 
II. 



Per cent. 
10.88 
14.06 
31.95 

39.91 
3.20 



Period 
III. 



Per cent. 
10.99 
14.01 
33.86 

38.21 
2.93 



100.00 



Constituents and 
energy. 



Total nitrogen . . . 
Proteid nitrogen . 

Carbon 

Hydrogen 



Heat of ccftnbustion 



Period 
I. 



Per cent. 

2.28 

2.06 

48.29 

3.07 

Calories 

per gram. 

4, 770. 4 



Period 
II. 



Per cent. 
2.24 
2.06 
48.03 
6.15 

Calories 



Period 
III. 



Per cent. 

2.24 

1.97 

47.94 

6.23 

Calories 



per gram, per gram. 
4,707.0 i 4,711.4 



Table III. — Digestibility of rations.' 





Dry 

mat- 
ter. 


Ash. 


Or- 
ganic 
mat- 
ter. 


Pro- 
telds. 


Non- 
pro-, 

teids. 


Crude 
fiber. 


Nitro- 
gen- 
free 
ex- 
tract. 


Ether 

ex- 
tract. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Car- 
bon. 


Ener- 
gy- 


Period I. 
Hay 


Orms. 
2,933.3 
1,131.9 


Orms. 
203.0 
113.6 


Grms. 
2, 730. 3 
1,018.3 


Grms. 
355.2 
161.4 


Grms. 
39.6 


Grms. 
834.8 
372.6 


Grms. 

1,403.0 

448.2 


Grms. 
97.7 
36.9 


Grms. 
65.2 
25.9 


Grms. 

1,366.1 

547.0 


Cals. 
13,170.7 




5, 403. 3 






Digested 

Coefficient^. ct. 


1,801.4 
61.41 


89.4 
44.04 


1,712.0 
62.70 


193.8 
54.56 


39.6 
100.00 


462.2 
55.37 


954.8 
68.05 


60.8 
62.24 


39.3 
60.36 


819.1 
59.96 


7, 767. 4 
58.97 


Period II. 
Hay 


5,025.3 
1, 940. 1 


357.3 
211.1 


4,668.0 
1,729.0 


594.0 
272.8 


81.9 


1,408.1 
619.9 


2,411.1 
774.2 


172.9 
62.1 


112.5 
43.5 


2, 323. 7 
931.8 


22, 557. 7 




9,132.0 






Digested ... 

Coefficient^. ct. 


3, 085. 2 
61.39 


146.2 
40.92 


2, 939. 
62.96 


321.2 
.54.08 


81.9 
100.00 


788.2 
55.97 


1,636.9 
67.90 


110.8 
64.08 


69.0 
61.37 


1,391.9 
59.89 


13, 425. 7 
59.51 


Period III. 
Hay 


4, 139. 1 
1,627.2 


283.1 
178.8 


3,856.0 
1,448.4 


490.1 
228.0 


60.0 


1,193.0 
551.0 


1,974.2 
621.7 


138.7 

47.7 


91.2 
36.4 


1,911.0 
980.0 


18,535.1 




7,666.1 






Digested 

Coefficient,p.ct. 


2,511.9 
60.68 


104.3 
36.83 


2,407.6 
62.43 


262.1 
53.48 


60.0 
100.00 


642.0 
53.81 


1,352.5 
68.51 


91.0 
65.62 


54.8 
60.08 


1,131.0 
59.18 


10,869.0 
58.64 



Table IV. — Results on urine {inclusive of wash water). 





Weight. 


Aver- 
age 
specific 

grav- 
ity. 


Total nitrogen. 


Total carbon. 


Energy. 


Period. 


Per kilo- 
gram. 


Total. 


Period I. 


Grams. 
62, 157 
6, 215. 7 

65. 796 
6, 579. 6 

46,616 
4, 661. 6 


1.0379 
1.0411 
1. 0432 


Per ct. 
0.813 

1.050 

1.299 


Grams. 
507.53 
50.75 

690.5 
69.05 

605.5 
60.55 


Per ct. 
1.797 

2.566 

3.040 


Grams. 

1, 121. 48 

112. 15 

1, 687. 6 
168. 76 

1,418.0 
141. 80 


Calories. 


Calories. 


Dailv average (10 days) 

Period II. 


167.6 


1, 046. 40 


Daily average (10 days) 

Period III. 


231.4 


1, 522. 25 


Daily average (10 days) 


267.5 


1,247.16 





















APPENDIX. 

Table V. — Residual air. 



49 



Period. 



e 


03 


H 


3 














o3 


0) 

ft 

a 

0) 


W 


e 


Mm. 


°o. 


713.44 


15.6 


710. 29 


19.0 


701. 80 


20.2 


701. 56 


19.6 


705. 37 


19.1 


723. 33 


17.0 


724. 72 


17.6 


724. 17 


18.2 


723. 97 


18.4 


720. 98 


19.2 


706. 43 


18.8 


710. 71 


16.8 


713.05 


17.3 


717. 18 


17.2 


712. 37 


18.9 


731. 04 


13.2 


724. 46 


16.0 


719. 80 


15.6 


717. 81 


14.6 


713. 40 


16.0 


720. 25 


14.1 


720. 49 


18.0 


724. 84 


15.6 


725. 20 


16.2 


722. 80 


16.8 


712. 67 


15.7 


715. 66 


19.1 


721. 80 


16.6 


726. 14 


15.6 


719. 79 


17.5 



Weight. 



Corre- 
sponding 
volume at 
0° and 760 
mm. 



S^i 



Total vol- 
ume of 
sample 
reduced. 



3* 
o o 

> 



Total in 
chamber. 



Period la. 

Liters 

At end of preliminary run. . . 25 

At end of subperiod 1 25 

At end of subperiod 2 25 

At end of subperiod 3 25 

At end of subperiod 4 25 

Period I la. 

At end of preliminary run. . . j 25 

At end of subperiod 1 25 

At end of subperiod 2 25 

At end of subperiod 3 25 

At end of subperiod 4 \ 25 

Period Ilia. 

At end of preliminary run. . .1 25 

At end of subperiod 1 25 

At end of subperiod 2 25 

At end of subperiod 3 ! 25 

At end of subperiod 4 ; 25 

Period lb. 

At end of preliminary run. . .1 25 

At end of 'subperiod 1 j 25 

At end of subperiod 2 25 

At end of subperiod 3 ...... . 25 

At end of subperiod 4 ! 25 

Period lib. 

At end of preliminary run. . .] 25 

At end of subperiod 1 25 

At end of subperiod 2 25 

At end of subperiod 3 25 

At end of subperiod 4 25 

Period 1 1 lb. 

At end of preliminary run. . . 25 

At end of subperiod 1 25 

At end of subperiod 2 25 

At end of subperiod 3 25 

At end of subperiod 4 1 25 



Gms. Gms. 

0. 1104 0. 1064 
.1003 .1066 
.1088; .1020 
.1034' .0999 
.1041' .1122 



.1129 .1211 
.1218 .1103 
.1169! .1198 
.1156 .1096 
.1159 .1142 



, 1093 



. 1046 



.1114, .1010 
.1169 .1111 



.1189 
.1173 



.0832 
.0657 



.0867 
. 0856 



.0921 
.0961 
. 0933 



.1010 
.1090 



.1106 
.1066 
.1087 
.1117 



.1152 
.1171 
.1130 



Liters 
0.14 
.12 
.14 
.13 
.13 



.0830 .1043 
.0771; .0980 
.0879, .1047 
.1054 .1065 
.0981 .1156 



Liters 
0.05 
.05 
.05 
.05 
.06 



.05 
.05 
.06 
.05 
.05 



Liters 
22.24 
21.89 
21.55 
21. 58 
21.75 



22. 46 
22. 46 
22.39 
22.37 
22. 22 



21.79 
22.07 
22. 12 
22^27 
21.97 



23.00 
22.56 
22.45 
22.47 
22. 22 



22. 5S 
22.29 
22.61 
22.58 
22. 46 



22.22 
22.05 
22.43 
22.65 
22.31 



Liters Liters 
22. 38 10, 753 
22.01110,759 
21. 69 10, 646 
21. 71 10, 636 
21. 88 10, 687 



22. 60 10, 917 
22. 61 10. 941 
22.5410,944 
22. 51 10, 945 
22. 36 10, 911 



21.93 
22.21 
22.26 
22.42 
22. 12 



23.10 
22.64 
22. 5f 
22.58 
22. 33 



10, 693 

10, 726 
10, 766 
10, 825 
10, 778 



11,254 
11,198 
11,068 
11,028 
10, 979 



22.67 11,068 
22. 43 10. 959 
22. 72 11, 143 
22. 70 11, 142 
22. 58 11, 128 



22.32 
22.15 
22.54 
22.78 
22. 43 



10,954 
11,051 
11.084 
11,143 
11,077 



Gms. 
53.04 



Gms. 
51.12 



49. 03 52. 11 
53. 40 50. 07 



50. 66 
50.84 



54.54 
58.94 
56.76 
56.21 
56. 55 



53. 30 
53. 80 
56.54 
57.41 
57.16 



40.53 
32.50 
44. 16 
42. 34 
42.09 



48.94 
54.80 



58.50 
53.37 
58.17 
53.29 
55.72 



51.00 
48.78 
53.73 
48.76 
53.11 



53.88 
52. 73 
53.33 
54.55 
53. 49 



34. 91 50. 34 
56. 92 54. 77 
45.17,56.50 
47.17157.48 
45.98' 55. 69 



40.73 
38. 46 
43.22 
51. 56 

48.45 



51.19 
48.90 
51.49 
52. 10 
57.09 



a Corrected for tension of aqueous vapor. The air in the aspirator is assumed to be saturated. 



50 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 



Table VI. — Ventilation. 



Period. 


Volume 

at meter 

pump. 


Average 
barome- 
ter. 


Average 

tension of 

aqueous 

vapor. 


Average 
tempera- 
ture. 


Reduced 
volume at 

meter 
pump, dry. 


Sample 
of resid- 
ual air. 


Methane 

pro- 
duced. 


Volume of 
entering 
air, dry. 


Period la. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 


Liters. 
454,412 
462, 239 
463, 428 
463,923 


Mm. 
726.6 
722.0 
718.8 
719.9 


Mm. 
1.66 
1.20 
1.09 
1.13 


°C. 
16.8 
18.0 
18.0 
18.2 


Liters. 
408,344.4 
411,279.9 
410,587.3 
411, 347. 4 


Liters. 
21.89 
21.55 
21.58 
21.75 


Liters. 
48.61 
43.44 
50. 78 
51.26 


Liters. 
408,317.6 
411,258.0 
410, 588. 1 
411,317.9 


Period Ila. 


















Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 


471,503 
488,990 
488,247 
487,949 


739.0 
740.9 
739.9 
739.0 


1.75 
1.50 
1.48 
1.60 


15.3 
16.3 
15.5 

17.8 


433, 076. 6 
448, 937. 8 
448. 887. 4 
444,520.9 


22.46 

" 22.39 

22.37 

22.22 


58.79 
78.03 
71.99 
47.60 


433,040.3 
448, 882. 2 
448, 837. 7 
444, 495. 6 


Period Ilia. 


















Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 


488, 147 
493,993 
495,677 
498,936 


724.3 
727.3 
730.6 
731.8 


1.'69 
2.37 
2.04 
1.68 


16.6 
16.6 
15.3 

15.5 


437,473.2 
444,206.9 
450,045.0 
453,543.0 


22.07 
22.12 
22.27 
21.97 


52.46 
63.77 
46.95 
51.23 


437, 442. 8 
444,165.2 
450,020.3 
453,513.8 


Period lb. 


















Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 


453, 669 
459,415 
453, 719 
454, 164 


740.4 
735.4 
731.7 
728.4 


1.31 
1.02 
1.10 
1.00 


12.4 
14.0 
14.3 
14.6 


422, 112. 
422,288.6 
414, 500. 4 
412,627.8 


22.56 
22.45 
22.47 
22, 22 


47.47 
43.50 
48.18 
43.33 


422,087.0 

422. 267. 6 
414,474.7 

412. 606. 7 


Period IPo. 


















Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 


487, 850 
491, 863 
487, 751 
492,110 


734.5 
737.2 
738.6 
737.5 


1.50 
1.00 
1.10 

.98 


14.2 
15.1 
13.6 
14.1 


447,273.2 
451,481.2 
450,851.2 
453, 460. 5 


22.29 
22.61 
22.58 
22. 46 


36.92 

41.28 
58.41 
26.84 


447,258.6 
451,462.0 
450,815.3 
453, 456. 1 


Period Illb. 


















Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 


498, 006 
498,848 
493, 745 
496,321 


729.1 
734.4 
738.0 
737.9 


1.77 
2.35 
1.60 

1.45 


15.1 
15.4 
14.1 

15.4 


451,671.8 
454, 774. 7 • 
454,942.9 
455,316.7 


22.05 
22.43 
22.65 
22.31 


45.17 
58.57 
59.79 
64.31 


451,648.6 
454, 738. 6 
454, 905. 8 
455,274.7 



APPENDIX. 



51 



Table VII. — Incgaing air. 



Period. 









Re- 


Vol- 


Total 










duced 


ume 


volume 




rator 
read- 
ing. 


Ba- 
rome- 
ter." 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


aspira- 
tor 
read- 
ing, 
dry. 


of 
car- 
bon 
diox- 
id. 


of sam- 
ple re- 
duced 

and 

dry. 


pie to 
total 
ventila- 
tion. 


Liters 


Mm. 


°C. 


Liters. 


Liters 


Liters. 


1: 


200 


711.1 


20.4 


174. 12 


0.05 


174. 17 


2,344.4 


200 


700.2 


21.6 


170. 76 


. .05 


170. 81 


2, 407. 7 


200 


703.0 


21.2 


172. 25 


.05 


172. 30 


2,382.8 


200 


706.5 


20.6 


172. 87 


.05 


172. 92 


2,378.7 


200 


725.7 


19.2 


178. 43 


.05 


178. 48 


2, 426. 3 


200 


724.7 


19.6 


177. 95 


.05 


178. 00 


2, 521. 8 


200 


726.5 


20.0 


178. 14 


.05 


178. 19 


2, 518. 9 


200 


722.7 


20.8 


176. 72 


.05 


176. 77 


2, 514. 5 


200 


710.2 


18.8 


174. 84 


.05 


174. 89 


2, 501. 3 


200 


712.2 


18.6 


175. 47 


.05 


175. 52 


2, 530. 6 


200 


718.6 


18.2 


177. 28 


.05 


177. 33 


2,537.8 


200 


714.4 


20.4 


174. 92 


.05 


174.97 


2, 592. 


200 


726.2 


17.4 


179. 66 


.06 


179. 72 


2,348.6 


200 


720.3 


17.0 


178. 44 


.06 


178. 50 


2,365.6 


200 


718.1 


15.4 


178. 89 


.06 


178. 95 


2,316.2 


200 


714.4 


17.2 


176. 86 


.05 


176.91 


2,332.3 


200 


722.3 


19.4 


177. 47 


.05 


177. 52 


2. 519. 5 


200 


724.5 


16.4 


179. 85 


.05 


179. 90 


2, 509. 5 


200 


726.6 


18.0 


179. 39 


.05 


179. 44 


2. 512. 4 


200 


724.3 


17.8 


178. 95 


.05 


179.00 


2, 533. 3 


200 


718.7 


20.4 


175. 99 


.05 


176. 04 


2, 565. 6 


200 


722.0 


16.6 


179. 10 


.05 


179. 15 


2, 538. 3 


200 


726.8 


17.4 


179. 80 


.05 


179.85 


2, 529. 4 


200 


720.8 


19.0 


177. 34 


.05 


177. 39 


2, 566. 5 



Water. 



Carbon diox- 
id. 



In sam- 
ple. 



In total 
venti- 
lation. 



In sam- 
ple. 



In to- 
tal 
ven- 
tila- 
tion. 



Period la. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 

Period I la. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4. ..... 

Period Ilia. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 

Period lb. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 

Period lib. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 

Period 111b. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 



Gram. 

0. 0927 

.0622 

.0646 

.0664 



.1244 

.01123 
. 0644 
.0547 



.0761 
.0679 
.0679 
.0668 



.1188 
.1653 
.1146 

. 05X2 



.1217 
. 2228 
. 0590 
.0365 



.0562 
.0558 
.0527 
. 0551 



Grams 
217.3 
149.8 
153.9 
157.9 



301.8 
157.1 
162.2 
137.6 



190.4 
171.8 
172.3 
173.1 



279.0 
391.0 
265.4 
135.7 



306.6 
559.1 
148.2 
92.46 



144.2 
141.6 
133.3 

141.4 



Gram. 

0. 1064 

.1092 

.1061 

.1049 



.1062 
.1047 
.1013 
.1053 



.1053 
.1040 
.1043 
. 1074 



1143 
1176 
1133 
.1057 



.1030 

1040 
1069 
1072 



.1040 
.1060 
. 1065 
.1092 



Gms. 
294.4 
262.9 
252. 8 
249.5 



257.7 
264.0 
255.2 
264.8 



263.4 
263.2 

264.7 
278.4 



268.4 
278.2 
262.4 
246. 5 



259.5 
261.0 
268.6 
271.6 



266.8 
269.1 
269.4 
280.3 



a Corrected for tension of aqueous vapor. The air in the aspirator is assumed to be saturated. 



52 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED GLOVER HAY. 



Table VIII. — Carbon dioxid. 



Period. 



Period la. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 

Period Ha. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 

Period Ilia. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 

Period lb. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 

Period lib. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 

Period Illb. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 



Carbon dioxid 
in samples 
(corrected). a 



Pan 

No. 1. 



Grams. 

10. 9642 
11. 0263 
11. 1844 

11. 3608 



12. 3888 

13. 0521 
13. 0874 
12. 7990 



12. 1124 
11. 6727 
11. 9952 
11. 6808 



11. 1265 
11. 3118 
11. 2516 
11. 5985 



12. 5948 
12. 7031 
12. 7993 
12. 6649 



11. 7520 
11. 5499 
11. 8184 
11. 8825 



Pan 

No. 2. 



Grams. 
11. 0337 
11. 0203 
11. 2091 
11. 2954 



12. 4076 

13. 0508 
13. 0295 
12. 8457 



12. 0378 
11. 7236 
11. 9922 
11. 6693 



11. 1061 
11. 1981 
11. 3297 
11. 5990 



12. 4758 
12. 6671 
12. 6885 
12. 6897 



11. 7364 
11. 6389 
11. 6908 
11. 8158 



Total, 
Nos. 1 
and 
2X100 
and cor- 
rected, b 



Grams. 
2, 203. 4 
2, 208. 3 
2, 243. 
2,268.4 



2, 483. 7 
2,614.6 
2, 616. 
2, 568. 7 



2, 419. 
2,343.5 
2, 402. 7 
2, 338. 9 



2, 226. 9 
2, 254. 7 
2,261.9 
2, 323. 6 



2, 511. 2 
2, 541. 2 
2, 553. 
2, 539. 6 



2, 352. 7 
2,322.7 
2,354.8 
2,373.7 



In sam- 
ple of 
resid- 
ual air. 



Gram. 

0.1 

.1 

.1 

.1 



Correc- 
tion for 
residual 
air. 



Grams. 
+1.0 
-2.0 
-1.1 
+5.9 



-5.1 

+ 4.8 
-4 9 
+2.4 



-2.2 
+ 5.0 
-5.0 

+4.4 



-1.2 

+ .6 
+ 1.2 
-1.1 



+ 4.4 
+ 1.7 
+ 1.0 
-1.8 



-2.3 
+2.6 
+ .6 
+ 5.0 



Total C0 2 Total 
in out- ! CO2 in 
coming ingoing 
air. air. 



Grams. 
2, 204 5 
2, 206. 4 
2,242.0 
2, 275. 3 



2, 478. 7 
2, 619. 5 
2,611.2 
2, 571. 2 



2, 416. 9 
2, 348. 6 
2, 397. 8 
2, 343. 3 



2,225.9 
2, 255. 4 
2,263.2 
2. 322. 6 



2, 515. 7 
2, 543. 1 
2, 554 1 
2, 538. 



2,350.5 
2,325.4 
2, 355. 5 
2, 378. 9 



Grams. 
249.4 
262.8 
252.8 
249.5 



257.7 
264 
255.2 
264 8 



263.4 
263.2 
264 7 
278.4 



268.4 
278.2 
262.4 
246.5 



259.5 
261.0 
268.6 
271.6 



266.8 
269.1 
269.4 
280.3 



C0 2 

added in 
cham- 
ber. 



Grams. 
1,955.1 
1,943.6 
1,989.2 
2,025.8 



2,221.0 
2,355.5 
2,356.1 
2,306.5 



2,153.5 
2,085.4 
2, 133. 1 
2,064 9 



1,957.5 
1,977.2 
2,000.8 
2,076.1 



2, 256. 2 
2, 282. 1 
2, 285. 5 
2, 266. 4 



2,083.7 
2,056.3 
2,086.1 
2,098.6 



Equiva- 
lent 
carbon. 



Grams. 
533. 2 
530.0 
542.5 
552.4 



C05. 7 
642.3 
642.5 
629.0 



587.3 
568.7 
581.7 
563.1 



533. 8 

539. 2 

c 545. 3 

566.2 



615.3 

622.3 

c 623. 

618.0 



568.2 
560.8 
568.9 
572.3 



a For number of pump strokes. 

b For a slight leakage from the pans, amounting to about 0.165 per cent of the total volume. 

c Correction applied for man entering chamber, —0.3 gram carbon. 



APPENDIX. 
Table IX.— Water. 



53 



Period. 



Period la. 



Water in sam- 
ples (cor- 
rected) .a 



Pan 
No.l. 



Gms 

3. 7923 
2. S452 



Subperiod 1 . 
Subperiod 2 . 

Subperiod 3 ! 2.5353 

Subperiod 4 ; 2.6640 

Period Ha. 

Subperiod 1 ; 4. 1329 

Subperiod 2 , 3.6795 

3. 6035 
4. 0213 



Subperiod 3 . 
Subperiod 4 . 



Period Ilia. 



Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 



Period lb. 

Subperiod 1 . . 
Subperiod 2 . . 
Subperiod 3 . . 
Subperiod 4 . . 



Period lib. 



Subperiod 1 . 
Subperiod 2 . 
Subperiod 3 . 
Subperiod 4 . 



Period 1 1 lb. 



Subperiod 1 . 
Subperiod 2 . 
Subperiod 3 . 
Subperiod 4 . 



6. 3729 
5. 9328 
5. 1046 
4. 2235 



3. 0157 
2. 3775 
2. 5541 



Pan 
No. 2. 



Gms. 
3. 8547 
2. 8766 
2. 5547 
2. 6476 



Total, 
Nos.l 
and 
2X100 
(cor- 
rect- 
ed). 6 



Gms 
766.0 
573.1 
509.8 
532.0 



4. 1775 832. 4 

3. 6654 735. 7 

3. 63981 725. 5 

4. 0380 807. 3 



6.4288 
5. 9024 
5. 1016 
4. 2406 



3.0425 
2. 3810 
2. 5526 



2.3299, 2.3264 



3.6076 3.6374 

2.4445 2.4589 

2.7217 1 2.7077 

2.4214 2.4335 



4.4379 4.4660 

3.6533 3.6412 

3.9753 3.9933 

3.6247 3.6324 



1,282.3 
1, 185. 5 
1,022.3 

847.8 



606.8 
476.6 
511.5 
466. 4 



725.7 
491.2 
543.8 
486.3 



730.7 
798.2 
726. 9 



In 
cans. 



On ab- 
sorb- 
ers. 



Gms 
1,440.0 
1, 626. 
1,577.0 
1,517.0 



1,740.0 
1,824.0 
1,820.0 
1,693.0 



1,262.0 
1,272.0 
1,340.0 
1,695.0 



928.0 
1,303.0 
1,138.0 
1,173.0 



1,248.0 
1,734.0 
1,390.0 
1,385.0 



1,016.0 
1,034.0 
l,025.0i 
1,274.0' 



Gm. 
0.( 



In 

sam- 
ple 
of 

resid- 
ual 
air. 



Gm. 

0.1 

.1 

.1 

.1 



Cor- 
rec- 
tion 
for 
resid- 
ual 
air. 



Gms 
-4.0 
+ 4.4 
+ 2.7 
+ .2 



.1 +4.4 
.1 - 2.2 

.11 - .6 
.1 + .3 



+ .5 
+ 2.7 



-8.0 
+ 11.7 

- 1 

- .3 



+ 22.0 
-11.8 
+ 2.0 
— 1.2 



-2.3 

+ 4.8 
+ 8.3 
- 3.1 



Cor- 
rec- 
tion 
of hy- 
grom- 
eter. 



Gms. 
-5.0 
-5.0 
-5.0 
-5.0 



-5.0 
-5.0 
-5.0 
-5.0 



-5.0 
-5.0 
-5.0 
-5.0 



-5.0 
-5.0 
-5.0 
-5.0 



-5.0 
-5.0 
-5.0 
-5.0 



-5.0 
-5.0 
-5.0 
-5.0 



Total 
H 2 
in out- 
com- 
ing air 
+ah 
sorb 
ers. 



Gms 

2, 197. 
2, 198. 6 
2,079.2 
2,044.3 



2, 571. 9 

2. 552. 6 
2,540.1 

2. 495. 7 



2, 539. 9 
2, 455. 3 
2,358.3 
2, 537. 7 



1,521.9 
1, 786. 4 
1,642.8 
1.634.2 



1,990.8 
2, 208. 5 
1,930.9 
1,865.2 



1,900.7 
1,764.5 
1,826.6 
1,992.9 



Total 
H 2 
in in- 
going 
air. 



Gms. 
217.3 
149.8 
153. 9 
157.9 



301.8 
157.1 
162.2 
137.5 



Water 
added 



cham- 
ber. 



Equiv- 
alent 

hydro- 
gen. 



Gms. 
1,979.7 
2,048.8 
1,925.3 
1,886.4 



Gms. 
220.0 
227.7 
213.9 
209.6 



2. 270. 1 252. 2 
2,395.5 266.2 
2, 377. 9 264. 2 

2. 358. 2 262. 



190. 4 2, 349. 5 
171.8 2,283.5 
172. 3 2, 186. 
173. 1 2, 364. 5 



279.01,242.9 
391. 0|l, 395. 4 
265.4:1,377.4 
135.71,498.5 



306.61,684.2 
559.1:1,649.4 
148.2|1,782.7 
92.51,772.7 



144.21,756.5 
141.6:1,622.9 
133.3ll,693.3 
141. 41,851.5 



261. 1 
253.7 
242.9 
262.7 



138.1 
155.0 
cl53. 
166. 5 



187.1 
183. 3 
cl98. 
197.0 



195.2 
180.3 
188.2 
205.7 



a For number of pump strokes. 

b For slight leakage from pans, see previous table. 

<•■ Correction applied for man entering chamber —0.05 gram hydrogen. 



54 



THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF EED CLOVER HAY. 



Table X. — Carbon and hydrogen in combustible gases. 



Period. 



Period la. 



Subperiod 1 . 
Subperiod 2 . 
Subperiod 3. 
Subperiod 4. 



Period Ha. 



Subperiod 1 . 
Subperiod 2 . 
Subperiod 3. 
Subperiod 4. 



Period Ilia. 



Subperiod 1 . 
Subperiod 2. 
Subperiod 3. 
Subperiod 4. 



Period lb. 



Subperiod 1 . 
Subperiod 2. 
Subperiod 3 . 
Subperiod 4. 



Period lib. 



Subperiod 1 . 
Subperiod 2. 
Subperiod 3. 
Subperiod 4. 



Period Illb. 



Subperiod 1 . 
Subperiod 2. 
Subperiod 3. 
Subperiod 4. 



Total 
C0 2 
weighed 
X200 
(cor- 
rected) .a 



Grams. 
98.26 
88.15 
96.20 
103. 47 



118. 37 
156. 18 
144. 34 
96.54 



106. 02 
128. 22 
95.32 
103. 71 



96.12 
88.35 
97.74 
87.94 



75.64 
84.22 
117.75 



91.83 
118. 09 
120. 50 
129. 35 



Correc- 
tion for 
ingoing 
air. 



Carbon 
as hy- 
drocar- 
bon. 



Grams. 
-3.04 
-3.06 
-3.05 
-3.06 



-3.22 
-3.34 
-3.34 
-3.30 



-3.25 
-3.30 
-3.35 
-3.37 



-3.14 
-3.14 
-3.37 
-3.07 



-3.33 
-3.36 
-3.35 



-3.36 
-3.38 
-3.38 
-3.39 



Grams. 
25.97 
23.20 
25.40 
27.39 



31.40 
41.68 
38.45 
25.43 



28.03 
34.07 
25.08 
27.36 



25.36 
23.24 
25.73 
23. 14 



19.72 
22.05 
31.20 



24.13 
31.28 
31.94 
34.35 



Total 

H2O 
weighed 

X200 

(cor- 
rected)^ 



Correc- 
tion for 
ingoing 
air. 



Grams. 
79.69 
72.54 
79.65 
85.72 



97.12 
126. 83 
119. 36 

79.23 



87.95 
106. 00 
79.17 
85.92 



76.67 
71.18 



62.94 
75.10 
96.36 



Grams. 
-7.42 
-7.47 
-7.46 
-7.47 



-7.86 
-8.15 
-8.15 
-8.07 



-7.94 
-8.07 
-8.17 
-8.24 



-7.67 
-7.67 
-8.24 
-7.49 



-8.12 
-8.20 
-8.19 



73.50 
98.54 
101. 83 
107. 78 



Hydro- 
gen as 
hydro- 
carbon. 



Methane, 
CO.x 
.3643. 



Gravis. 
8.03 
7.23 
8.02 
8.69 



9.92 
13. 19 
12.36 

7.91 



8.89 
10.88 
7.89 
8.63 



7.67 
7.06 
8.49 
7.15 



6.09 
7.43 



7.26 
10.03 
10.40 
11.06 



Grams. 
35.80 
32.11 
35.05 
37. 69 



43.12 
56.90 
52.58 
35.17 



38.62 
46.71 
34.73 
37.78 



35.02 
32.19 
35.61 
32.04 



27.56 
30.68 
42.90 



33.45 
43.02 
43.90 
47.12 



a For slight, leakage from pans, see previous table. 



APPENDIX. 

Table XI. — Heat measurements. 



55 





o 

IB ' 

03 
H 

> o 


Average temperat 
current 


ure of water 


<B 

o3 

"o3 

+^ 
O 

Eh • 


o 

O 0) 

<^ 

o 

SJ 

> 

< 


Heat pro- 
duced in 
absorbers. 


Total 

heat, 

calories 

at 20.° 

* 


Period. 


bo 

a 
o 

bJO 

a 


n 

a 

o 
+^> 
3 

o 


el 

3 


PI m 

o <s 

M 

O 


t3 . 
o^ 3 


®oJ 

O IH 

Pig 
3"S 


"ol-g 


Period la. 

Subperiod 1. 

6 p. m. to 6.51 p. m 

6.51 p. m. to 11.59 p.m.. 
11.59 p.m. to 12.40 a.m. 
12.40 a. m. to 1.08 a.m.. 
1.08 a. m. to 2.13 a. m.. 
2.13 a. m. to 6 a. m 


29.0 
30.0 
28.0 
27.0 
28.0 
30.0 


°C. 
7.5062 
6.8605 
6. 6220 
6.8814 
6. 0665 
5. 0205 


°c. 

12.5308 
10. 7945 
12. 0500 
13. 5243 
12. 2594 
9.6850 


°c. 

5. 0246 
3. 9340 
5. 4280 
6.6429 
6. 1929 
4. 6645 


°C. 

+0.0008 
.0010 
.0006 
.0004 
.0006 
.0010 


°C. 
5.0254 
3. 9350 
5. 4286 
6. 6433 
6. 1935 
4. 6655 


Liters. 
59.00 

490. 00 
35.00 
16.00 
55.00 

349. 50 


1.0030 
1.0035 
1.0033 
1.0030 
1.0035 
1.0044 


Cm. 
0.40 

.50 
.30 
.20 
.30 
.50 


Cal. 
0.01 

.08 

.01 
.06 


297.38 
1,934.82 
190. 64 
106. 61 
341.82 
1,637.71 


Latent heat of water 
vapor 






















4,508.98 
1,171.99 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
vessels 






















-13.05 


























Total heat 






















5,667.92 




30.0 
29.0 
28.0 
27.0 
28.0 




























Subperiod 2. 

6 a. m. to 8.17 a. m 

8.17 a.m. to 9.06 a. m.. 
9.06 a. m. to 10.14 a.m.. 
10.14 a. m. to 11.39 a.m. 
11.39 a. m. to 6 p. m 


5.2237 
5.4425 
5.7324 
6. 4975 
6.2513 


9.3171 
10. 1983 
11.4200 
13.6640 
12. 8185 


4. 0934 
4. 7558 
5. 6876 
7. 1665 
6.5672 


.0010 
.0008 
.0006 
.0004 
.0006 


4. 0944 
4. 7566 
5. 6882 
7. 1669 
6. 5678 


209. 00 
60.00 
60.00 
44.50 

331.50 


1. 0044 
1.0041 
1.0038 
1.0031 
1.0033 


.50 
.40 
.30 
.20 
.30 


.03 
.01 
.01 

.03 


859.46 

286. 55 

342. 58 

319. 92 

2,184.38 


Latent heat of water 
vapor 




















3,992.89 
1,212.91 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 




















+ 8.00 












, 












Total heat 




















5,213.80 




28.0 
29.0 
28.0 
29.0 
28.0 
27.0 
29.0 


















Subperiod 3. 

6 p. m. to 6.42 p. m 

6.42 p. m. to 7.46 p. m.. 
7.46 p. m. to 7.51 p. m.. 
7.51p.m. to 12.58 a.m.. 

12.58 a. m. to 2 a. m 

2 a. m. to 3.08 a. m 

3.08 a. m. to 6 a. m 


6. 3282 
6. 0525 
6. 1400 
6. 0323 
6. 2820 
6.6006 
5. 9584 


12.9191 
11.4269 
11.4200 
11.6083 
12. 0880 
13.5171 
11.1751 


6. 5909 
5.3744 
5. 2800 
5. 5760 
5. 8060 
6.9165 
5.2167 


.0006 
.0008 
.0006 
. 0008 
.0006 
.0004 
.0008 


6. 5915 
5. 3752 
5. 2806 
5. 5768 
5. 8066 
6.9169 
5. 2175 


38.00 

76.50 

5.00 

351.50 
51.00 
41.00 

220.50 


1.0032 
1.0036 
1.0036 
1.0036 
1.0034 
1.0030 
1.0037 


.30 
.40 
.30 
.40 
.30 
.20 
.40 


. 01 
.04 

.03 


251.28 
412.67 
26.50 

1,967.26 
297. 14 
284. 44 

1,154.69 


Latent heat of water 
vapor 




















4,393.98 
1, 139. 76 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 




















-11.41 


















Total heat 


















5,522.33 








1 














Subperiod 4- 

6 a. m. to 9.40 a. m 

9.40 a. hi. to 6 p. m 


29.0 
29.0 


6. 0129 
6. 1229 


10. 9675 
11. 2345 


4. 9546 
5. 1116 


. 0008 
.0008 


4. 9554 
5.1124 


279. 00 
602. 00 


1.0037 
1.0031 


.40 
.40 


.04 
.08 


1,387.63 
3,087.13 


Latent heat of water 




















4, 474. 76 
1,116.73 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 























+ 14.07 


























Total heat . . 






















5,605.56 
































56 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF EED CLOVER HAY. 

Table XI. — Heat measurements — Continued. 





8 

CD 
3 . 


Average temperature of water 
current. 


u 

CD 

"§ ■ 
is 

o 


O CD 

ftg 

CD° 
*-» <D 
< 


Heat pro- 
duced in 
absorbers. 


Total 

heat, 

calories 

at 20°. 


Period. 


a 
'o 

i— i 


a 

o 

3 
O 


6 
o 
Pi 

CD 

w 

5 


.2 2 

-m ft 

2 n a 
o 


5 5 


<D CD 

° S 

a k 

CD K> 
*h CD 
CD f~* 
« ft 

R o 


.2 <D 

a 1 


Period Ho . 

Subperiod 1. 

6 p. m. to 7.23 p. m 

7.23 p.m. to 2.36 a. m.. 
2.36 a. m. to 3.04 a. m.. 
3.04 a. m. to 5.01 a. m. . 
5.01 a. m. to 6 a. m 


28. 
-'9.0 
28.0 
27.0 
29.0 


°C. 
5. 0676 
4. 1681 
3. 9163 
4. 5355 
3. 4421 


°c. 

12. 4276 
9. 6580 
9. 6438 

12. 4741 
9. 3100 


°c. 

7. 3600 
5. 4899 
5. 7275 
7. 9386 
5.8679 


+0.0006 
.0008 
.0006 
.0004 
.0008 


°c. 

7. 3606 
5.4907 
5.7281 
7. 9390 
5. 8687 


Liters. 
67.50 
517. 50 
26.00 
62.00 
73.00 


1.0037 
1.0046 
1.0044 
1.0038 
1.0049 


Cm. 

0.30 
.40 
.30 
.20 
.40 


Col. 
0.07 

.01 


498. 68 
2, 854. 44 
149. 58 
494. 09 
430. 50 


Latent heat of water 








- 














4, 427. 29 
1,343.90 

—5.28 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 




































































5,765.91 


























Subperiod 2 

6 a. m. to 9.41 a. m 

9.41a. m. to 12.46 p.m.. 
12.46 p. m. to 2.46 p. m. 
2.46 p. m. to 4.29 p.m.. 
4.29 p. m. to 6 p. m 


29.0 

::.« 

29.(1 
27.0 
29.0 


3.2498 
4. 1857 
3. 5490 
4. 8046 
3. 9145 


8. 4346 
11. 9750 

9. 6357 
12. 9669 

9. 8682 


5. 1848 
7. 7893 
6.0867 
8. 1623 
5. 9537 




0008 
0004 
0008 
0004 
0008 


5. 1856 
7. 7897 
6. 0875 
8. 1627 
5. 9545 


277. 00 
102. 00 
140. 00 
50.50 
105. 83 


1.0052 
1.0040 
1.0048 
1.0037 
1.0046 


.40 
.20 
.40 
.20 
.40 


.03 
.02 
.01 


1,443.85 

797. 73 
856. 32 

413. 74 
633. 05 


Latent heat of water 






















4, 144. 69 
1,418.15 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 






















+ 76.44 


























Total heat 






















5, 639. 28 

























Subperiod S. 

6 p. m. to 8.55 p. m 

8.55 p. m. to 9.23 p. m.. 
9.23 p. m. to 10.42 p. m. 
10.42 p.m. to 2.05 a.m.. 
2.05 a. m. to 2.35 a. m . . . 
2.35 a. m. to 4.33 a.m... 
4.33 a. m. to 6 a. m 


29.0 
27.0 
28.0 
29.0 
28. 
27.0 
29 


3. 8551 
4. 6557 
4. 1560 
3. 5025 
3. 8671 
4. 6323 
3. 4147 


9. 9025 
12. 5771 
11.2200 

9. 7694 
10. 0114 
13. 2696 

9. 2357 


6. 0474 
7. 9214 
7.0640 
6. 2669 
6. 1443 
8. 6373 
5. 8210 




0008 
0004 
0006 
0008 
0006 
0004 
0008 


6. 0482 
7. 9218 
7. 0646 
6. 2677 
6. 1449 
8. 6377 
5. 8218 


198. 00 
12.00 
60.00 

230. 00 
26.00 
61.00 

108. 75 


1.0046 
1.0038 
1.0042 
1.0048 
1.0046 
1.0037 
1.0050 


.40 
.20 
.30 
.40 
.30 
.20 
.40 


.02 
.03 
.01 


1,203.03 
95.42 
425.66 

1,448.46 
160. 50 
528.85 
636. 28 


Latent heat of water 
vapor 






















4, 498. 20 
1,407.70 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
vessels 






















-3.94 


























Total heat 






















5,901.96 

























Subperiod 4. 

6 a. m. to 8.12 a. m 

8.12 a. m. to 9.48 a.m... 

9.48 a. m. to 10.33 a.m.. 
10.33 a. m. to 10.36 a. m. 
10.36 a. m. to 1.07 p.m.. 
1.07 p. m. to 1.42 p.m.. 
1.42 p. m. to 2.49 p. m. . 

2.49 p. m. to 6 p. m 


29.0 
27.0 

28. 
27.0 

29. 
27.0 
28.0 
29.0 


3. 4053 
4. 7396 
4. 0182 
4. 3700 
3. 7216 
5. 1844 
4. 7962 
4. 8045 


8. 9379 
13. 1496 
10. 9500 
11. 9800 

9. 6248 
12. 5688 
11.0456 

9. 9883 


5. 5326 
8. 4100 
6. 9318 
7. 6100 
5.9032 
7. 3844 
6. 2494 
5. 1838 




0008 
0004 
0006 
0004 
0008 
0004 
0006 
0008 


5. 5334 
8. 4104 
6. 9324 
7. 6104 
5. 9040 
7. 3848 
6. 2500 
5. 1846 


160.00 

46.00 

34.00 

1.00 

177. 75 
17.25 
56.00 

239.00 


1.0050 
1.0037 
1. 0043 
1. 0040 
1.0047 
1.0037 
1.0040 
1.0043 


.40 
.20 
.30 
.20 
.40 
.20 
.30 
.40 


.02 

.02 
.03 


889.75 

388.31 

236. 72 

7.64 

1,054.01 
127.86 
351. 40 

1,244.42 


Latent heat of water 






















4,300.11 
1,396.04 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 























+25.76 
















































5,721.91 



























APPENDIX. 
Table ~XI.—Heat measurements — Continued. 



57 





o 


Average temperature of water 
current. 






Heat pro- 
duced in 

absorbers. 






> o 










to 

03 


«« 
&£ 






Total 

heat, 

calories 


Period. 


oh 


o5 


o a> 






+3 


\ 


+3 


g 

'3 

ho 


a 

o 

3 

O 


m 
5 


+3 P< 

o 


8,8 


IS 

o 


< 


a m 

a) u 

So 




at 20°. 


Period Ilia. 
























Subperiod 1 . 




























°C. 


°c. 


°c. 


°C. 


°C. 


Liters. 




Cm. 


Cal. 




6 p. m. to 8.57 p. m. . . . 


29.0 


6. 4284 


11. 4346 


5. 0062 


+0. 0008 


5. 0070 


215. 00 


1.0035 


0.40 


0.03 


1,080.24 


8.57 p.m. to 9.23 p.m.. 


28.0 


6. 3200 


12. 2583 


5.9383 


.0006 


5. 9389 


21.00 


1. 0034 


.30 




125. 14 


9.23 p. m. to 9.36 p. m.. 


27.0 


6. 6400 


13. 1300 


6. 4900 


.0004 


6. 4904 


5.50 


1. 0029 


.20 




35.80 


9.36 p.m. to 2.53 a.m... 29.0 


5. 6846 


11. 3675 


5. 6829 


.0008 


5. 6837 


351.50 


1. 0037 


.40 


.04 


2. 005. 17 


2.53 a. m. to 4.24 a. m..27.0 


6. 1169 


13. 7538 


7. 6369 


.0004 


7. 6373 


47.00 


1. 0028 


.20 




359. 95 


4.24 a. m. to 4.55 a. m. . 


2S.0 


5. 7100 


12. 29S7 


6. 5887 


. 0006 


6. 5893 


26. 00 


1. 0035 


.30 




171. 92 


4.55 a. m. to 4.58 a.m.. 


27.0 


5. 7000 12. 2000 


6. 5000 


.0004 


6. 5004 


1.50 


1. 0035 


.20 




9.78 


4.58 a. m. to 6 a. m 


29.0 


5. 2827 10. 6780 


5. 3953 


.0008 


5. 3961 


75.50 


1.0040 


.40 


.01 


409. 02 






















4, 197. 02 


Latent heat of water 










































1,390.93 


Correction for feed, 






















water, excreta, and 










































—.98 
























Total heat 




1 
















5, 586. 97 






















Subperiod 2. 






















6 a. m. to 8.31 a. m 


29.0 


4. 1684 10. 6034 


5. 2581 


..0008 


5. 2589 


178. 00 


1.0040 


.40 


.02 


939. 80 


8.31 a. m. to 9.16 a. m. . 


27.0 


6. 5208 13. 7475 


4. 2267 


.0004 


4. 2271 


22.00 


1. 0030 


.20 




93.27 


9.16 a. m. to 10.10 a. m . 


27.5 


6.280013.5908 


7.3108 


.0005 


7.3113 


34.50 


1. 0031 


.25 




253. 02 


10.10 a. m. to 11.46 a. m. 


29.0 


5. 4408141. 2941 


5.8533 


.0008 


5. 8541 


110.50 


1. 0038 


.40 


.01 


649. 32 


11.46 a. m to 12.06 p.m.. 


27.0 


6. 1020.13. 4140 


7. 3120 


.0004 


7.3124 


10.00 


1. 0032 


.20 




73. 35 


12.06p.m. to 12.32 p.m. 


27.5 


6.088613.3714 


7. 2828 


.0005 


7. 2833 


17.00 


1. 0032 


.25 




124. 21 


12.32 p.m. to 1.31 p.m.. 


27.0 


6. 4521 


14. 2535 


7. 8014 


.0004 


7. 8018 


28.00 


1. 0030 


.20 




219. 10 


1.31 p. m. to 2.27 p.m.. 


27.5 


6. 2457 


13. 1750 


6. 9293 


.0005 


6. 9298 


38.00 


1.0031 


.25 




264. 14 


2.27 p. m. to 5.46 p. m.. 


29. 


5. 9192 


11. 4074 


5. 4882 


.0008 


5. 4890 


230. 50 


1.0030 


.40 


.29 


1, 269. 47 


5.46 p. m. to 6 p. m . 


27.0 


6.4500 


12. 5867 


6. 1367 


.0004 


6. 1371 


7.50 


1.0032 


.20 




46.17 
























3, 931. 85 


Latent heat of water 














































1,351.83 


Correction for feed 
























water, excreta, and 














































+ 39.23 


























Total heat 






















5,322.91 
























Subperiod 3. 
























6 p. m. to 7.46 p. m 


29.0 


6. 0941 


11. 6382 


5. 5441 


.0008 


5. 5449 


119. 00 


1. 0036 


.40 


.01 


662. 20 


7.46 p. m. to 8.23 p. m.. 


27.0 


6. 6267 


13. 5767 


6. 9500 


.0004 


6. 9504 


20.50 


1. 0030 


.20 




142. 91 


8.23 d. m. to 9.20 p. m.. 


27. ft 


6. 4292 


13. 2823 


6. 8531 


.0005 


6. 8536 


41.50 


1. 0031 


.25 




2S4. 30 


9.20 p. m. to 9.54 p. m.. 


29.0 


6. 0600 


11. 6722 


5. 6122 


.0008 


5. 6130 


39.00 


1. 0036 


.40 


.01 


219. 6S 


9.54 p. m. to 10.24 p. m. 


30.0 


5. 8562 


10. 6737 


4. 8175 


.0010 


4. 8185 


47.00 


1. 0038 


.50 


.01 


227. 32 


10.24 p.m. to 11.22 p.m. 


27.5 


6.4693113.6950 


7. 2257 


.0005 


7. 2262 


33.00 


1. 0030 


.25 




239. 17 


11.22 p.m. to 11.58 p.m. 


28.0 


6.055512.9766 


6.9211 


. 0006 


6. 9217 


27.00 


1. 0033 


.30 




187. 50 


11.58 p.m. to 12.22 a.m. 


29. 


5.576711.6950 


6. 1183 


.0008 


6. 1191 


29.00 


1. 0037 


.40 




178. 11 


12.22 a. m. to 12.25 a.m. 


30.0 


5. 5000 11. 2200 


5. 7200 


.0010 


5. 7210 


2.50 


1. 0038 


.50 




14.35 


12.25 a. m. to 2.09 a. m.. 


27. ft 


5.8604113.6731 


7. 8127 


.0005 


7. 8132 


62.50 


1. 0032 


.25 




489. 88 


2.09 a.m. to 2.18 a.m.. 


29.0 


5.2300J12. 1500 


6. 9200 


.0008 


6. 9208 


10.00 


1.0037 


.40 




69. 46 


2.18 a. m. to 3.04 a. m.. 


30.0 


4.685010.0817 


5. 3967 


.0010 


5. 3977 


67.00 


1. 0043 


.50 


.01 


363. 19 


3.04 a. m. to 4.59 a.m.. 


27. ft 


5.02351 12. 5089 


7. 4854 


.0005 


7. 4859 


75.00 


1. 0037 


.25 




563. 52 


4.59 a. m. to 5.34 a. m . . 


30. 


4.170010.0089 


5. 8389 


.0010 


5. 8399 


46.00 


1.0045 


.50 


.01 


269.83 


5.34 a. m. to 5.44 a. m . . 


29.0 


4. 1950;i0. 1000 


5. 9050 


.0008 


5. 9058 


10.50 


1.0045 


.40 




62. 29 


5.44 a. m. to 6 a. m 


27.0 


4. 8325 


12. 4875 


7.6550 


.0004 


7. 6554 


7.25 


1. 0038 


.20 




55. 7r 
























4,029.42 


Latent heat of water 














































1, 294. 10 


Correction for feed, 
























water, excreta, and 














































+ .96 
















































5, 234. 48 














! 


- 








=■= 


— • • 



58 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 

Table XI. — Heat measurements — Continued. 





o 

0) 

<D fe 
> O 

-c 

+^> 

a 
P3 


Average temperature of water 
current. 


u 

CD 

+^ 






cd 
ftiS 

W 

a® 

SP8 


Heat pro- 
duced in 
absorbers. 


Total 

heat, 

calories 

at 20°. 


Period. 


60 

.a 

o 
60 

a 
i— i 


a 

o 
o 

o 


o 

a 

CD 
U 

a 

W 

5' 


o a> 

— Si 

+> ft 

o 


■a . 

8% 


? 
og 

11 

R 


§ 

.5 o 


Period 1 1 la— Cont'd. 

Subperiod 4- 

6 a. m. to 7.16 a. m 

7.16 a. m. to 9.30 a. m . . 
9.30 a. m. to 10.07 a. m . 
10.07 a.m. to 10.46a.m. 
10.46 a. m. to 11 .36 a. m . 
11.36 a. m. to 12.22 p.m. 
12.22 p. m. to 1.37 p.m. 
1.37 p. m. to 1.58 p.m.. 
1.58 p. m. to 3.56 p. m. . 
3.56 p.m. to 5.27 p.m.. 
5.27 p. m. to 6 p. m . 


29.0 
28.0 
27.0 
27.5 
27.0 
28.0 
29.0 
27.0 
27.5 
29.0 
28.5 


°c. 

4. 1684 

4. 5500 
5. 3700 
5. 1550 

5. 5208 
4. 9227 

4. 6826 

5. 4100 
5. 8213 
5. 2195 
5. 4100 


°c. 

10. 7689 
12. 0151 
13. 8244 
13. 3570 
14.0777 
13. 1027 

11. 8158 
13. 4140 
13. 9290 
11. 3545 
11. 7100 


°c. 

6.6005 

7. 4651 

8. 4544 
8. 2020 
8. 5569 
8. 1800 
7, 1332 
8.0040 
8. 1077 
6.1350 
6. 3000 


°C. 

0.0008 
.0006 
.0004 
.0005 
.0004 
.0006 
.0008 
.0004 
.0005 
. 0008 
.0007 


°c. 

6.6013 

7. 4657 

8. 4548 
8. 2025 
8. 5573 
8. 1800 
7. 1340 
8. 0044 
8. 1082 
6, 1358 
6. 3007 


Liters. 
82.00 
102. 00 
16.00 
23.00 
23.00 
33.00 
68.00 
7.95 
61.25 
96.00 
28.75 


1.0043 
1.0039 
1.0034 
1.0032 

1. 0033 
1. 0036 
1.0040 

1. 0034 
1. 0032 
1.0039 
1. 0037 


Cm. 

0.40 
.30 
.20 
.25 
.20 
.30 
.40 
.20 
.25 
.40 
.35 


Cal. 

0.01 

.01 

.01 
.01 


543. 62 

764. 46 
135. 73 
189. 26 
197. 46 
270. 93 
487. 04 
62.24 
498. 21 
591. 32 
181. 81 


Latent heat of water 






















3, 922. 08 
1,399.81 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 






















+29. 07 
















































5, 350. 96 


























Period 16. 

Subperiod 1 . 

6 p. m. to 6.23 p. m 

6.23 p. m. to 12.11 a. m. 
12.11 a. m. to 1.14 a. m . 
1.14 a. m. to 6. a. m 


45.0 
47.0 
49.0 
51.0 


3. 1883 
2. 8406 
2. 8613 
2. 8275 


4. 2750 
3. 9274 
3. 9106 
3. 8159 


1. 0867 

1. 0868 
1.0493 

.9884 


+0. 0162 
.0196 
.0230 
.0266 


1. 1029 
1. 1064 
1. 0723 
1. 0150 


148.00 
2, 236. 00 

416. 00 
1, 969. 00 


1.0064 
1. 0067 
1. 0067 
1. 0062 


9.15 
10.25 
11.25 
12.25 


.43 

7.27 
1.48 
7.60 


163. 84 
2, 492. 75 

447. 58 
2, 003. 33 


Latent heat of water 






















5, 107. 50 
735. 76 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 






















-15.27 


























Total heat 






















5, 827. 99 


























Subperiod 2. 
6 a. m. to 6.20 a. m 


51.0 

85,0 
50.0 
42.0 
38.0 
42.0 
38.0 
39.0 
40.0 
41.0 
43.0 
45.0 
48.0 












130. 00 

114.00 

298. 00 

88.00 

470. 00 

200. 00 

300. 00 

300. 00 

100. 00 

44.00 

32.00 

35.00 

200. 25 




1 






6.20 a. m. to 8.28 a. m. . 


6. 2910 
6.6400 
4. 2800 
3. 3818 
4. 0405 
2. 5652 
2. 2245 
2. 2325 
1. 9650 
1. 7625 
2.0400 


7. 0260 
7. 6620 
5. 9606 
4.8290 
5. 8333 
4. 9284 
4. 7922 
4.8800 
4. 6700 
4.4625 
4. 7179 


.7350 
1.0220 
1. 6806 
1. 4472 

1. 7928 
2. 3032 

2. 5677 
2. 6475 
2. 7050 
2. 7000 
2. 6779 


.0248 
.0122 
.0074 
.0122 
, . 0074 
.0086 
.0098 
.0110 
. 0134 
.0162 
.0213 


.7598 
1.0342 
1. 6880 
1. 4594 

1. 8002 
2. 3718 

2. 5775 
2. 6585 
2. 7184 
2. 7162 
2. 6992 










8.28 a. m. to 9.10 a.m. . 
9.10 a. m. to 9.28 a.m.. 
9.28 a. m. to 11.37 a. m . 
11.37 a.m. to 12.21p.m. 
12.21p.m. to 1.46 p.m. 
1.46 p.m. to 3.25 p.m.. 

3.25 p. m. to 4 p. m 

4 p. m. to 4.18 p. m. . . . 
4.18 p. m. to 4.2Sp. m.. 
4.28 p.m. to 4.43 p.m.. 
4.43 p. m. to 6 p. m 


1.0046 
1.0043 

1. 0055 
1. 0061 

1. 0056 
1. 0064 
1.0066 
1. 0066 
1. 0067 
1.0068 
1. 0066 


11.75 
7.00 
4.00 
7.00 
4.00 
4.75 
5.60 
6.30 
7.75 
9.15 

10.75 


1.09 
.20 
.60 
.44 
.38 
.45 
.18 
.09 
.08 
.10 
.68 


226. 37 
91.20 
792. 12 
293. 22 
542. 70 
715. 64 
259. 27 
117. 65 
87.49 
95.61 
543.40 


Latent heat of water 






















3, 764. 67 
826. 05 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
vessels 






















-19.09 


























Total heat 






















4, 571. 63 


























Subperiod 3. 

6 p. m to 5.02 a. m 

5.02 a. m. to 5.46 a. m . 
5.46 a. m. to 6. a. m . . . 


48. C 
50. C 

49. C 


2.8490 
2. 6891 
2.1633 


4. 2419 
4. 1482 
3. 5967 


1. 3929 
1. 4591 
1. 4334 


.0213 
.0248 
.0266 


1. 4142 
1.4839 
1.4600 


3, 320. 00 
232. 00 
68.00 


1. 0065 

1. 0066 
1. 0070 


10.75 
11.75 
11.25 


11.43 
.85 
.24 


4,714.23 

345. 69 

99.73 
























5, 159. 65 



APPENDIX. 

Table XI. — Heat measurements — Continued. 



59 



Period. 



- S 



Average, temperature of water 
current. 



o o> 
+3 ft 

i:,o = 



?§ 

Eta 
8* 



ft* 



|1 

r — 



Heat pro- 
duced in 
absorbers. 



2S 



Qo 



Total 

heat, 

calories 

at 20°. 



Period 16— Cont'd. 
Subperiod 3.— Cont'd. 

Latent heat of water 
vapor 

Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
vessels 



Total heat. 



Subperiod 4- 



6 a.m. to 9.31 a. m 

9.31 a. m. to 10.10 a. m . 



Liters. 



Cal. 



815. 39 
-18.09 



5, 956. 95 



49. 

47.0 



3. 5877 
4.2560 
10.10 a.m. to 11.38 a. m .J43.0 3.9250 
11.38 a.m. to lp.m... . ! 43.0 3.2415 
lp.m.to6p.m 47.0 2.3776 



Latent heat of water 
vapor 

Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
vessels 



Total heat 

Period 116. 

Subperiod 1. 

6 p. m. to 6.35 p. m 

6.35 p. m. to 6.55 p. m. . 

6.55 p. m. to 7.17 p. m. . 
7.17 p. m. to 11.05 p. m. 
11.05 p. m. to 1.51 a. m. 

1.51 a.m. to 1.56 a.m .. 

1.56 a. m. to 3.29 a. m . . 
3.29 a.m. to 3.49 a. m .. 
3.49 a. m. to 4.39 a. m . . 
4.39 a. m. to 4.53 a. m . . 
4.53 a. m. to 5.46 a. m . . 
5.46 a. m. to 5.52 a. m . . 

5.52 a. m. to 5.57 a. m . . 

5.57 a. m. to 6 a. m 



32.0 
33.0 
34.0 
35.0 
36.0 
33.0 
36.0 



5. 0707 
5. 7180 
5.8359 
5. 8280 
5. 2708 



1. 4830 

1. 4020 
1. 9109 

2. 5865 
2. 8932 



0. 0230 
.0196 
.0134 
.0134 
.0196 



1.5060 

1. 4816 
1. 9243 

2. 5999 
2. 9128 



932.00, 1.0062 
168.00 1.0056 
300.00: 1.0057 
200.00 1.0059 



718.00 1.0064 10.25 



2. 5389 
2. 4440 
2. 3800 
2. 4491 
2. 2S9S 
2. 2650 
2. 1744 
33.0; 2.2875 
34.0 2.2138 
32. Oj 2.3300 
30.0 2.5114 
33.0 2.1800 
35.0 2.0500 
37.0, 1.9850 



Latent heat of water 
vapor 

Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
vessels 



Total heat 

Subperiod 2. 

6 a. m. to 7.33 a. m 

7.33 a. m. to 1.14p.m.. 
1.14 p. m. to 1.29 p.m.. 
1.29 p. m. to 1.43 p.m.. 
1.43 p.m. to 2.06 p.m.. 
2.06 p. m. to 3.26 p.m.. 
3.26 p. m. to 6 p. m 



Latent heat of water 
vapor 

Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 



5. 3778 
4. 9800 
4.6200 
4. 4033 
4. 1261 
4,0600 
3.9557 
4.1850 
3. 8938 
4. 4766 
5.5164 
4.8500 
4.1300 
3. 8450 



37. 0! 1.9 

36.0, 2.4865 

34.0 2.7550 

33.0 2.7833 

32.0 2.8850 

30.0 3.2140 

37.0 2.7226 



3. 7492 
4. 1986 
4. 6325 
4. 7466 
5. 1383 
6. 4190 
5. 4550 



2.8389 
2. 5360 
2. 2400 
1.9542; 
1.8363; 
1.7950! 
1.7813 
1.8975; 
1.6800 
2. 1466 
3. 0050 
2. 6700 
2. 0800 
1.8600 



+0.0020 
.0024 
.0032 
.0040 
.0050 
.0024 
. 0050 
.0024 
.0032 
.0020 
.0010 
.0024 
.0040 
.0062 



1.7796 
1.7121 
1.8775 
1.9633 
2. 2533 
3. 2050 
1.7324 



.0062 
.0050 
.0032 
.0024 
.0020 
.0010 
.0062 



Total heat 5,300.77 



2.S409 
2. 5384 
2. 2432 
1.9582 
1.8413 
1. 7974 
1.7863 1 
1.8999 
1.6832 
2. 1486 
3.0060 
2. 6724 
2. 0840 
1.8662 



78.00 
55. 00 1 
67.00 

800.00 

645.00 
18.00 

370.00 
50.00 

160. 00 
31.00 
85.00 
16.00 
23.00 
13.00 



11.25 
10.25 
7.75 
7.75 



3.32 
.55 
.74 
.49 

2.33 



1, 408. 57 
249. 75 
579. 84 
522. 56 

2, 102. 45 



4, 863. 17 
887. 11 

-10.32 



5, 739. 96 



1.0063 
1.0064 
1.0 
1.0 

1.0 

1.0068 

1.0068 

1.0067 

1.0069 

1.0066 

1.0063 

1.0066 

1.0069 

1.0069 



1.7858 
1.7171 
1.8807 
1.9657 
2. 2553 
3. 2060 
1.7386 



383.00 
1,238.00 
44.00 
35.00 
46.50 
100.50 
597. 50 



1.0070 
1.0067 
1.0064 
1.0064 
1.0048 
1.0057 
1.0062 



1.00 
1.50 
2.00 
2.50 
3.00 
1.50 
3.00 
1.50 
2.00 
1.00 
50 
1.50 
2.50 
3.50 



222. 97 

140. 48 

151.25 

1,576.27 

1,195.10 

32.56 

665. 08 

95.61 

271.07 

67.04 

257. 11 

43.03 

48.24 

24.43 



4,790.24 
997. 05 



5,773.06 



3.50 
3.00 
2.00 
1.50 
1.00 
.50 
3.50 



.43 
1.18 
.03 
.02 
.01 
.02 



688.32 
2, 138. 83 
83.25 
69.22 
105.36 
324. 02 
1,044.59 



4,453.59 
976.42 

-129.24 



60 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 

Table XI. — Heat measurements — Continued. 






co 

03 
u 

03 £ 

> rS 

+^ 

o3 

CD 


Average temperature of water 
' - current. 


u 

CD 

o3 

« ■ 

■g 

Eh 


CD 

td 

fe 

CO© 
60+2 

03 s 

n cu 
> 


Heat pro- 
duced in 
absorbers. 


Total 

heat, 

calories 

at 20°. 


Period. 


&i 
a 
"8 

OJO 

a 


si) 

a 

8 




4J 

=s 




oi 


5 


O <D 

MH CO 

O 


8* 


» cd 
e 

CD 2 
« P, 

fio 


+3 

a 

CD . 

c 


Period lib— Cont'd. 

Subperiod 3. 

6 p. m. to 7.59 p. m 

7.59 p. m. to 10.38 p. m. 
10.38 p. m. to 10.56 p. m. 
10.56 p. m. to 11.07 p. m. 
11.07 p. m. to 11.42 p. m. 
11.42 p.m. to 12.42 a.m. 
12.42 a. m. to 1.51 a.m.. 
1.51a. m. to 2.02 a.m... 
2.02 a. m. to 2.48 a. m . . 


37.0 
34.0 
37.0 
39.0 
41.0 
34.0 
32.0 
37.0 


°C 
2. 5843 
2. 5803 
2. 4100 
2. 3650 
2. 3478 
2. 4747 
2. 4647 
2. 2533 


°C 
4. 2926 
4. 4635 
4. 1220 
3. 9200 
3.7645 
4. 4027 
4. 8665 
4. 3900 


°c 

1. 7083 
1.8832 
1.7120 
1.5550 
1.4167 
1.9280 
2. 4018 
2! 1367 


°-c 

0.0062 
.0032 
.0062 
.0086 
.0110 
.0032 
.0020 
.0062 


°c 

1. 7145 
1.8864 
1.7182 
1.5636 
1.4277 
1.9312 
2. 4038 
2. 1429 


Liters . 
472.00 
454.00 
74.00 
55.00 
189. 00 
184. 00 
158.00 
23.00 
2.00 


1.0066 
1.0065 
1.0069 
1.0068 
1.0069 
1.0066 
1.0065 
1.0067 


Cm. 
3.50 
2.00 
3.50 
4.75 
6.30 
2.00 
1.00 
3.50 


Cal y 
0.52 
.29 
.08 
.08 
.38 
.12 
.05 
.03 


814. 07 
861.70 
127.94 

86. 50 
271. 32 
357. 57 
382. 22 

49.59 


2.48 a. m. to 3.16 a.m... 

3.16 a. m. to 3.34 a.m... 
3.34 a. m. to 5.17 a. m. . . 

5.17 a. m. to 6 a. m 


37.6 
38. 
40.0 
42.0 


3. 2729 
3. 0420 
2. 6096 
2.3820 


6. 2943 
5. 2260 
3. 9588 
3. 7540 


3.0214 
2. 1840 
1.3492 
1.3720 


.0062 
.0074 
.0098 
.0122 


3. 0276 
2. 1914 
1.3590 
1.3842 


89.00 
62.00 
538. 00 
240. 00 


1.0058 
1.0062 
1.0067 
1.0068 


3.50 
4.00 
5.60 
7.00 


.10 
.08 
.96 
.53 


270. 92 
136.63 
735. 08 
333.94 


Latent heat of water 






















4, 427. 48 
1,058.32 

-25.61 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 

































































5,460.19 




42.0 
40.0 
38.0 
33.0 
32.0 
37.0 
35.0 
31.0 
37.0 
39.0 
41.0 


2. 3500 
2. 4373 
2. 5150 
2. 6275 
2. 7522 
2.6136 
2.8500 
3.1177 
2. 8380 
2. 8075 
2. 7161 




















Subperiod 4. 

6 a. m. to 7.10 a. m 

7.10 a. m. to 8.11 a. m .. 

8.11 a. m. to 8.59 a. m . . 
8.59 a. m. to 9.16 a. m . . 
9.16 a. m. to 10.26 a. m . 
10.26 a. m. to 1.24 p.m.. 
1.24 p.m. to 1.26 p. m.. 
1.26 p.m. to 2.20 p. m.. 
2.20 p.m. to 2.40 p. m.. 
2.40 p. m. to 2.53 p.m.. 
2.53 p. m. to 6 p. m 


3.7078 
3.8406 
4. 0800 
4. 6525 
5. 0372 
4.3141 
4. 3900 
5. 6615 
4. 6020 
4. 2975 
3. 9972 


1.3578 
1.4033 
1.5650 
2. 0250 
2. 2850 
1.7005 
1.5400 
2.5438 
1.7640 
1.4900 
1.2811 


.0122 
.0098 
.0074 
.0024 
.0020 
.0062 
.0040 
.0012 
.0062 
.0086 
.0110 


1.3700 
1.4131 
1.5724 
2. 0274 
2.2870 
1.7067 
1.5440 
2. 5450 
1.7702 
1.4986 
1.2921 


409. 00 

306. 00 

207. 00 

35.00 

166. 50 

700. 50 

6.00 

98.00 

78.00 

64.00 

1, 003. 75 


1.0069 
1.0068 
1.0067 
1.0065 
1.0063 
1. 0066 
1.0065 
1.0056 
1.0064 
1.0065 
1.0066 


7.00 
5.60 
4.00 
1.50 
1.00 
3.50 
2.50 
.75 
3.50 
4.75 
6.30 


.91 
.55 
.26 
.02 
.53 
.78 

.02 

.09 

.10 

2.00 


563.29 

434. 80 

327. 41 

71.40 

382. 65 

1,202.65 

9.32 

250. 79 

138.87 

96.43 

1.303.50 


Latent heat of water 




















4,781.11 
1,049.46 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and' 




















-42.09 












































5, 788. 48 
























Period III6. 

Subperiod 1. 

6p.m. to 10.27 p. m-. -.'.-. 
10.27 p. m. to 10.45 p. m. 
10.45 p.m. to 12.21 a.m. 
12.21 a. m. to 12,38" a. m. 
12.38 a. m, to 2.05 a.m.. 
2.05 a. m. to 3.31 ft. m... 
3.31 a. m. to 4.18 a. m. . . 
4.18 a. m. to 6 a. in 


35.0 
33.0 
30.0 
35.0 
37.0 
32.0 
35.0 
36.0 


2.4247 
2. 5340 
2.9704 
2. 6560 
2. 5641 
2.6633 
2. 3025 
2. 1496 


4. 8101 
4. 8140 
6. 4647 
5. 2800 
4.7613 
5. 2290 
4. 7758 
4. 3460 


2. 3354 
2. 2800 
3. 4943 
2. 6240 
2. 1972 
2. 5657 
2. 4733 
2. 1964 


+0.0040 
.0024 
'.0010 
.0040 
.0062 
.0020 
.0040 
.0050 


2. 3894 
2. 2824 
3. 4953 
2. 6280 
2. 2034 
2. 5677 
2. 4773 
2. 2014 


762. 50 
43.50 
135.00 
46.00 
284. 00 
177. 00 
139. 00 
315. 34 


1.0065 
1.0065 
1.0058 
1.0063 
1.0065 
1.0063 
1.0066 
1.0067 


2.50 
1.50 
.50 
2.50 
3.50 
1.00 
2.50 
3.00 


.60 
.02 
.02 
.04 
.32 
.06 
.11 
.30 


1,833.76 
99.91 
474. 58 
121. 61 
629. 51 
457. 29 
346.51 
698. 54 


Lament heat of water 
j,Vajjbij. .:. 


i 


















4,661.11 
1,039.83 


Correction for feed, 
,'wa^er excreta, and 
'vessels 




















- 17.80 




















Total heat 


















5,683.14 




j 








1 











APPENDIX. 

Table XI. — Heat measurements — Continued. 



61 





"3 
o - 
3 

S-i 

c^ 
> o 
■- « 
+= 
03 

03 

P3 


Average temperature of water 
current. 


u 

03 

"Si 

-p 

Eh 




It! u 

C3 03 

0^ 

ft£ 

•1 

o3 g 

03fl 
!> 
< 


Heat pro- 
duced in 
absorbers. 


Total 

heat, 

calories 

at 20°. 


Period. 


1 

o 


a 

a 

o 
o 

3 
O 


o 

a 

03 
W 




O 05 
■ - < <-> 

O 


T3 • 
03 ® 

+> a 

O 03 

? 03 

o; 3 
0^ 


03 03 

Ss 

03 W 

Sh 03 

s§ ft 

5 "3 


03 . 
> 05 

a* 


Peeiod III&— Cont'd. 
Subperiod 2. 

6 a. m. to 10.33 a. m 

10.33 a. m. to 11.34 a. m. 

11.34 a. m. to 12.25 p.m. 
12.25 p.m. to 12.33 p.m. 
12.33 p.m. to 1.47 p.m.. 
1.47 p. m. to 1.54 p. m. . 
1.54 p. m. to 2.44 p. m. . 


36.0 
31.0 
30 
29.0 
34.0 
33.0 
29.0 
33.0 


°c. 

2. 4933 
3. 0787 
3.1423 
3. 2250 
2. 7544 
2. 7450 
3.1108 
2.7171 


°C. 

4.5211 
5. 7440 
6. 2508 
6.7150 
5. 1600 
4. 9400 
6. 8450 
5. 4371 


°c. 

2. 0278 
2. 6653 
3. 1085 
3. 4900 





a 

0050 
0012 

0010 
0U0S 
0032 
0024 
0008 
0024 


°c. 

2. 0328 
2. 6665 
3. 1095 
3. 4908 
2. 4088 
2. 1974 
3. 7350 
2. 7224 


Liters. 

839. 00 

106. 00 

76.00 

8.50 


1.0066 
1.0060 
1.0058 
1.0057 


Cm. 

3.00 
.75 
.50 
.40 

2.00 

1.50 
.40 

1.50 


Cal. 

0.80 
.03 
.01 


1,715.98 

284. 32 

237. 68 

29.84 


2. 4056] 

2. 1950 


190.50i 1.0063 
16.00 1.0063 


.12 


461.65 
35.38 


3.7342 




57.50 
458. 50 


1 0057 
1.0062 




215.99 


2.44 p. m. to 6 p. m. . . . 


2. 7200 




.22 


1,255.74 


Latent heat of water 






















4,236.58 
960. 73 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 























—82. 25 












































5,115.06 














■ 












Sub-period S. 

6 p.m. to 8.07 p. m 

8.07 p.m. to 9.30 p. m .. 
9.30 p.m. to 9.36 p. m .. 
9.36 p.m. to 10.02 p.m.. 
10.02 p.m. to 1.25 a.m.. 
1.25 a. m. to 2.58 a. m. . . 
2.58 a. m. to 3.14 a. m. . . 
3.14 a. m. to 3.47 a.m... 
3.47 a. m. to 5.14 a. m. . . 


33.0 
29.0 
33.0 
35.0 
37.0 
32.0 
35.0 
37.0 
32.0 
30.0 
28.0 
35.0 


2. 7809 
3. 2067 
2.8800 
2. 7743 
2. 8249 
3. 2100 
3. 0925 
2. 8613 
2. 6382 
2. 4400 
2.7725 
2. 0300 


5. 5312 
7. 3129 
6. 1000 
5. 3029 
4. 9000 
5. 9000 
5. 4850 
5. 0451 
5. 3873 
5.9600 
7. 7125 
5. 2225 


2. 7503 
4. 1062 
3. 2200 


.0024 
.0008 
.0024 


2. 7527 
4. 1070 
3. 2224 
2. 5326 
2. 0813 
2. 6920 
2. 3965 
2. 1900 
2. 7510 
3.5210 
4.9406 
3. 1965 


293. 00 
95.50 
11.50 
73.50 

663.00 

178. 50 
47.50 
90.00 

169. 50 

7.00 

23.00 

43.25 


1.0062 
1.0055 
1.0060 
1.0062 
1.0063 
1.0059 
1.0061 
1.0063 
1.0063 
1.0062 
1.0056 
1.0065 


1.50 

.40 

1.50 

2.50 

3.50 

1.00 

2.50 

3.50 

1.00 

.50 

.30 

2.50 




14 
01 


811.40 

394. 36 

37,28 


2. 5286 . 0040 
2.0751 .0062 
2. 6900, . 0020 
2. 3925 . 0040 
2. 1838! . 0062 
2.749l! .0020 
3. 5200! . 0010 
4.9400 .0006 
3. 1925 . 0040 




06 
74 

(Hi 

04 
10 
05 


187.24 
1,387.85 
483. 30 
114.48 
198. 24 
469. 18 
24.80 








114. 27 


5.44 a. m. to 6 a. m 




03 


139. 12 


Latent heat of water 




















4,361.52 
1, 002. 44 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 






















-18.85 
















































5,345.11 
































Subperiod 4- 

6 a. m. to 9.04 a.m. 

9.04 a. m. to 9.18 a. m . . 
9.18 a. m. to 11.28 a. m . 
11.28 a. m. to 1.43p.m.. 
1.43 p. m. to 1.45 p.m... 
1.45 p. m. to 6 p. m . . . . 


37.0 
36.0 
29.0 
36.0 
29.0 
36.0 


1.9639 
2. 1700 
3. 0169 
2. 6065 
2.6600 
2.8551 


4. 1550 
4. 1975 
7. 1572 
4.9512 
5. 0300 
5. 0764 


2. 1911 

2. 0275 
4. 1403 
2. 3447 
2. 3700 
2. 2213 




0062 
0050 
0008 
0050 
0008 
0050 


2. 1973 

2.0325 
4. 1411 
2. 3497 
2. 3708 
2. 2263 


575.50 
40.50 
138. 00 
392. 50 
1.00 
731.50 


1.0069 
1.0068 
1.0056 
1.0064 
1.0064 
1.0063 


3.50 
3.00 

.40 
3.00 

.40 
3.00 


.64 
.04 
.02 
.37 


1,272.63 

82.83 

574. 65 

927. 79 

2.38 


.70 


1,638.09 


Latent heat of water 






















4, 498. 37 
1, 096. 07 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 






















-32.73 












































5,561.71 

























o 



tEJe'08 



f4 



«t 



